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ANSC 223
Carbohydrates,feed analysis,aa, proteins,energy
53
Science
Undergraduate 2
03/14/2014

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Term
glycosidic linkage
Definition

connection between monosaccharides

 

alpha-digestable

beta-not

Term
CHO (Carbohydrate) classifications
Definition

mono-simple sugars

di-2

oligo-3-10

poly->10

 

most important

mono-glucose,fructose,galactose

di-maltose,sucrose,lactose

Term
Monosaccharides
Definition

simplest carbohydrates

aldehydes and ketones (2+ hydroxyl groups)

used by animals to derive enery via glycolysis and the TCA cycle

building blocks for nucleic acids (ribose)

Term
Carbohydrate
Definition

major energy containing part of plants

 

sugars, starch, and fiber

Term
Glucose
Definition

can be synthesized from amino acids (proteins) via gluconeogenesis

 C6H12O6 ALDEHEXOSE

major end-product of carbohydrate digestion in monogastric animals

 

dextrose in (corn syrup, molasses, icing sugar)

Term
Galactose
Definition

part of lactose

C6H12O6 ALDOHEXOSE

less sweet and less water soluble than glucose

 

major component of oligosaccharides in soybeans

 

cannot be converted to glucose by avians

Term
Fructose
Definition

sweetest of the sugars

C6H12O6 KETOHEXOSE

part of sucrose

 

naturally occuring in ripe fruit, honey and molasses

high fructose corn syrup


sweetness increases with age (fruit sweetens as it ripens)

Term
Monosaccharides composing the cell wall
Definition

mannose: aldohexose, exhibits non-nutritive benefits

Ribose: aldopentose (5 carbon), part of nucleic acid

xylose and arabinose-alsopentoses, combine to form arabinoxylan

Term
Maltose
Definition

dissaccharide

glucose+glucose+alpha(1-4) linkage

starch digestion end-product

 

found in malt (found in brewing beer)

brush border membrane enzyme maltase

Term
Isomaltose
Definition

dissaccharide

glucose+glucose

alpha (1-6) linkage

branching point of amylopectin

brush border membrane enzyme isomaltase

Term
Sucrose
Definition

dissaccharides

Glucose and fructose

C1 linked to C2

table sugar

from sugar cane, sugar beets, maple syrup

brush border membrane enzyme sucrase

Term
High-Fructose Corn Syrup
Definition

mix of glucose and fructose

 monosaccharide composition almost the same as sucrose

two types: 42% or 55% fructose

same sweetness and caloric content as sucrose

Term
lactose
Definition

glucose and galactose

beta(1-4) linkage

simplest beta galactoside

milk sugar

brush border membrane enzyme: lactase

used in pills as a filler material

important energy source for suckling animals

lactase activity usually decreases with age

Term
monogastrics and lactose
Definition

lactose--lactic acid

suckling animal may experience decrease in pH to 2-4

kills pathogenic bacteria

improved protein digestion since ability to secrete gastric HCl is not fully developed

Term
Cellobiose
Definition

Glucose+glucose

beta (1-4) linkage cannot be cleaved by mammalian enzymes

 

enzyme for hydrolysis: cellulase, from bacteria or fungi

Term
Alpha-galactosides
Definition

Oligosaccharides

raffinose,stachyose,verbascose

galactose and sucrose (glucose and fructose)

soybean meal: 1.6% raffinose

5.6% stachyose

also legumes seeds

leads to flatulence and odor

problem with pet foods

Term
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
Definition

oligosaccharides

mainly fructose units and some other mono..

found in artichoke, onion, harlic, bananas, chicory root

not digested by mammalian enzymes

non-nutritive sweetener for diabetics


promotes growth of lactic acid producing bacteria (bifidobacteria) and suppresses pathogeni bacteria (E. coli)

Term
Starch
Definition

Polysaccharide-digestable

most prominent carbohydrate source in commercial animal foods/feeds

seeds 70% tubers/roots 30%

...

present as starch granules:tightly arranged residual t rupture (H bonding) cooking causes gelatinization or irreversible change to structure

...

two types of polysaccharides present in starch Amylose (helis d-glucolse and 1-4 linkages) and Amylopectin (straight chain (1-4) and alpha (1-6)brances every 25 units)

Term
Glycogen
Definition

Polysaccharide

occurs in liver and muscle-storage in animals

straight chain D-glucose with alpha (1-4) and alpha (1-6) linkages but more branching than in amylopectin

Term
Starch Digestion
Definition

Starch chopped by amylase turns to dextrins chopped by amylase to become maltose chopped by maltase to become D-Glucose

....

salivary amylase-minor role in digestion (not present in ruminants or carnivores)

pancreatic-most important enzyme in starch digestion, secretion active (requires chloride) and sensitive to changes in starch in take (resistant to breakdown), also secreted from bovine pancreas...contains bicarbonate ph 8.1-8.6 to up ph and optimize digestion ph 5-7

Term
what ingredients contribute the most to digestible carbohydrates?
Definition

70-80% starch

 

corn, rice

wheat, oats

 

pet food

barley,carrots, flax seed, molasses, peas, potatoes

Term
processing carbohydrates
Definition

grinding removes physical entrapment of starch

(exposure of starch granules to amylase)

...

starch is the primary ingredient needed for extrusion of food/feeds

gives it structure and cohesion

...

Cooking greatly enhances digestibility

maillard-type browning-non-enzymatic, binds nitrogen-containing nutrients (makes mono... unavailable to aa), fructose more readily affected than glucose (toast, alfalfa haylage and soybean meal)

Term
what is dietary fiber?
Definition

plant material that consists of several forms of carbohydrates

cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin (all non starch polysaccharides)

lignin-holds everything together but isnt a carbohydrate


provide rigidity in plants (structural) stems, leaves, seed, etc in cell wall.

fermented by microbes, but undigestable by mammalian enzymes

 

Term
Cellulose
Definition

dietary fiber beta (1-4) linkage

fermetative breakdown slow due to H-bonding and tight packing of glucan chains


Most common organic compound on earth

linear chains of several hundred to over ten thousand D-glucose units

Term
hemicellulose
Definition

dietary fiber

beta (1-4) linkages of mono.. including glucose, xylose, arabinose and galactose

fermentability is greater than cellulose

shorter chain lenght (200 mono...) but more complex structure

about 20% of plant matter

Term
those other dietary fibers
Definition

arabinoxylan:composed of pentosans (xylose and arabinose)cereal grains: wheat, corn, barley and rye

increases viscocity of intestinal contents

more fermentable in cellulose

.....

Pectin:citrus fruits, apples, citrus by-products

easily and readily fermented by bacteria in colon

increases viscosity of intestinal contents more than arabinoxylan

Term
Lignin
Definition

provides rigidity to cell wass, interferes with breakdown of cellulose and is quite resistant to degradation

wood products, mature hay and straw

repeats of phenylpropanoid units

Term
what is commercially available and routinely added to swine and poultry diets?
Definition

fiber degrading enzymes such as

cellulase, hemicellulase, arabinoxylanase (xylanase or pentosanase) and pectinase

Term
fermentation
Definition

breakdown of fiber or other nutrients by bacteria and release of volatile fatty acids and gasses (CO2, and CH4)

 

fiber ---> bacterail enzymes ---->monosaccharides----> bacteria ----->VFA+CO2+CH4

Term
fiber and starch supplies energy to non-ruminants
Definition

Starch (higher git digestion)

Starch-->Glucose--->ATP

 

Fiber (lower git fermentation)

Fiber-->bacteria-->mono...-->bacteria-->

VFA+CO2+CH4+heat--> ATP

Term
fiber for non-ruminants
Definition

bacteria in colon degrade fiber to various degrees

SCFA or VFA produced

acetate, propionate and butyrate

Term
how much of ruminant energy is derived from VFA?
Definition

around 70%

 

over 90% of the fiber digestion is due to the rumen

Term
Dietary fiber has benefits
Definition
  • diluent decreasing total energy densit of diet
  • assists in stimulating normal peristalsis
  • provides bulk to intestinal contents to prevent constipation
  • reduces gastrointestinal transit time (normal stool freqency)
Term
must break down that dietary fiber
Definition
VFA are important energy source for epithelial cells lining the GIT (high turn over rate)
Term
dietary fiver and companion animals
Definition

moderately fermentable sources of fiber are best for pet food

indigestible fiber in pet food:beet pulp, apple/tomato pomace(solid residue after juice are extracted), peanut hulls, citrus pulp, bran of oats rice wheat (milling by-product, outer course coat of cereal grain), cellulose


guaraneed maximum crude fiber content of commercial pet food labels ranges from 3-6% of dry matter in the diet

 

Term
Pet food evaluation
Definition

source of carbohydrate and processing are important

source and level of dietary fiber

highly digestable:

low stool volume and well formed,firm

defecation frequency should be low

bowel movements regular and consistant

normal grown rate and body weight maintained

no need to feed excessive quantities

long term feeding=healthy skin and hair coat

Term
Proximate anaylses
Definition

classical analyzing diets and ingredients, earliest classification of chemical components in diets and ingredients

doesnt measure nutrients directly

sequenced designed to move from one analysis to another without destroying sample

economical and simple equipment

NIRS (near infrared spectroscopy)

(CP,CFat,CF, ash,NFE =100% dry matter)

 

Term
Crude Protein (CP)
Definition

level of nitrogen measured

Kjeldahl procedure (classic):hot acid digestion/sulfuric acid, distillation and titration

combustion method more common: oven temp above 950 C, pure oxygen

Proteins on average contain 16% N

100%/16%=6.25

N*6.25=CP content

 

Term
Amino Acid Analyses
Definition

uses chromatography methods to measure all aa simultaneously

about 200mg sample hydrolyzed under N2 gas in 6N HCl for 22 hours at 110  degrees C

some AA will be altered/destroyed

Term
Crude fat or ether extract (EE)
Definition
  • sample placed in filter paper annd ether is reflued through sample
  • fat (lipid) components removed by ether
  • ether is evaporated, lipid components left behind
Term
Crude fiber (CF)
Definition

sample boiled in acidic solution followed by alkaline solution

ash content in residue is determined and ash subtracted from residue to calculate crude fiber

...

crude fiber contains parts of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin

>>>
Van Soest Method: extraction and filtration (2 components)

Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)- hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin

Acid detergent fiber (ADF)- cellulose an dlignin

Hemicellulose = NDF-ADF

Term
Ash
Definition

sample burned at 500 degrees C

all organic (C) compounds are removed as CO2


ash consists of al the mineral in the sample

if individual minerals are to be measured, this can be done from ash

Term
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)
Definition

carbohydrates (starch,sugar, oligosaccharides, pectin and hemicellulose)


may be negative especially if reedstuffs do not contain carbohydrates


NFE=100-(Protein+fat+fiber+ash+moisture) as-is basis

Term
Organic Matter (OM)
Definition

represents compounds containing C

 

OM=DM-ash

Term
what is gelatin?
Definition

bones, bovine hides, pig skin

 

lots of collagen

Term
role of protein in the body
Definition

structural

enzymes

hormones

carriers in blood

cellular regulator of genes

antibodies (immune defenses)

Term
Proteins
Definition

complex organic compounds of high molecular weight


C skeloton (51-55%)

H (6-7)

O (22-24%)

N (16-18%)

CP=%N * 100/16 = %N*6.25

Term
simple protein
Definition

yield only AA or their derivatives when hydrolyzed in acid (HCl)

 

Fibrous: collagen, elastin, keratin

Globular: albumins, globulins, glutelins (enzymes, hormones)

Term
complex or conjugated proteins
Definition

phosphoproteins

glycoproteins

liporoteins

chromoproteins

nucleoproteins

Term
Non-Protein Nitrogen
Definition

amides-urea, uric acid, allantoin

amines-decarboxylated aa, toxic and good

free aa-usually minor

alkaloids-many poisonous

nucleic acids-purines and pyrimidines

ammonium salts

Term
Liebig's Law of minimums
Definition
growth is controlled not by the total amount of resources available but by the scarcest resource (limiting factor)
Term
how is it most approprient to determine the digestibility of AA
Definition
by ileal digestibility (at end of small intestine vs fecal) because digestion of protein and absorption of AA only occurs in upper small intestine
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