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ANSC 221 Wk 2
Animal Nutrition
70
Nutrition
Undergraduate 2
06/20/2018

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Term
Matter
Definition
Has mass and occupies space
Term
Atoms
Definition
The smallest particles exhibiting chemical properties of an element
Term
Hydrogen
Definition
Forms 1 bond
Term
Oxygen
Definition
Forms 2 bonds
Term
Nitrogen
Definition
Forms 3 bonds
Term
Carbon
Definition
Forms 4 bonds
Term
Covalent bonding
Definition
Sharing of electron pairs between atoms
Term
Isomers
Definition
Molecules with the same number and type of elements, but arranged differently
Term
Classification of carbohydrates
Definition
Broken down into simple and complex
Term
Classification of simple carbohydrates
Definition
Broken down into monosaccharides and disaccharides
Term
Classification of complex carbohydrates
Definition
Polysaccharides: broken down into plants and animals
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
Simple sugars containing 3 to 7 carbon atoms, monomers of carbohydrates - single subunits

Glucose, fructose, galactose, deoxyribose, and ribose
Term
Disaccharides
Definition
Double sugars (two monosaccharides)

Maltose, sucrose, and lactose
Term
Polysaccharides
Definition
More than two monosaccharides

Cellulose, starch (amylose and amylopectin), and glycogen
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
A process that allows for a disaccharide to become a monosaccharide (occurs during the breakdown of biomolecules)
Term
Dehydration
Definition
Occurs during the synthesis of biomolecules
Term
Carbohydrates are important in animal nutrition because...
Definition
they can be used to create water, carbon dioxide, and ATP.
Term
Similarities between glycogen and starch
Definition
Both are glucose molecules linked together/alpha-glucose
Term
Differences between glycogen and starch
Definition
Glycogen: storage form of energy in animals, highly branched chains

Starch: storage form of energy in plants, branched or unbranched chains
Term
Cellulose
Definition
Used for mechanical strength to prevent cell from bursting, maintain cell shape; plant/beta-glucose

Used to make clothing, fiber, and wood
Term
Forage
Definition
Food for horses or cattle such as bermuda or alfalfa
Term
Glycans
Definition
A complex carbohydrate, found in the body
Term
Carbohydrates are formed in plants by
Definition
a polymer of glucose created during photosynthesis. Starch is then eaten by animals.
Term
Lipids
Definition
NOT polymers, diverse group of fatty, water-insoluble molecules; function as stored energy, cellular membrane components, and hormones
Term
Four primary classes of lipids
Definition
Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids
Term
Simple lipids
Definition
Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols
Term
Compound lipids
Definition
Fatty acids with alcohol and another group; phospholipd, lipoproteins, and glycolipid
Term
Components of a triglyceride
Definition
Glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Phosphorus makes it unique
Term
Lipoproteins
Definition
Proteins make it unique
Term
Glycolipid
Definition
Carbohydrates make it unique
Term
The two properties fats and fatty acids depend on are...
Definition
the length of the carbon chain and the degree of saturation
Term
Saturated fat
Definition
Contains NO carbon-carbon double bonds because carbons are "saturated" with hydrogens
Term
Unsaturated fat
Definition
Contains carbon-carbon double bond because carbons are not "saturated" with hydrogens
Term
Essential
Definition
Not made in the body or not made in sufficient amounts
Term
Two essential polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
Linoleic (omega-6) and linolenic (omega-3)
Term
CLA
Definition
CLA stands for conjugated linoleic acid; protects against cancer, diabetes, atherogenesis, and obesity
Term
Biohydrogenation
Definition
Conversion of unsaturated fatty acids to more saturated by bacteria found in the gut
Term
Example of a sterol
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Eicosanoids are formed from...
Definition
fatty acids within the phospholipid bilayer.
Term
Types of eicosanoids
Definition
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leukotrienes
Term
Prostaglandins
Definition
Stimulate pain and inflammation
Term
Thromboxanes
Definition
Made by platelets, assist with clotting
Term
Leukotrienes
Definition
Made from leukocytes, plays a role in inflammation
Term
Previcox or Rimadyl might be used to treat dogs with inflammation because...
Definition
they block the pathway to create prostaglandins and thromboxanes.
Term
Autocrine signaling
Definition
Chemicals that exert effects on the same cells that secrete them
Term
Paracrine signaling
Definition
Locally acting chemicals that affect cells other than those that secrete them
Term
Four types of lipoproteins
Definition
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, and HDL
Term
Chylomicrons
Definition
Travel through the blood carrying fats
Term
VLDL
Definition
Very low density lipoprotein, gets transformed into low density lipoprotein
Term
LDL
Definition
Low density lipoprotein, delivers cholesterol to cells
Term
HDL
Definition
High density lipoprotein, removes the excess cholesterol from cells and therefore most desired
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Plaque buildup in artery walls caused by LDLs storing too much cholesterol
Term
Proteins
Definition
Complex structures composed of 100 or more amino acids
Term
Number of amino acids
Definition
20
Term
Functions of proteins
Definition
Catalysts, defense, transportation, support, movement, and regulation
Term
Amino acids -> proteins
Definition
All amino acids needed must be present at the same time for protein synthesis to occur, known as the all-or-none rule
Term
Essential amino acids
Definition
Not made in the body at all or in sufficient amounts; leucine, lysine, tryptophan, valine, etc.
Term
Nonessential amino acids
Definition
Not required in the diet because the body makes enough; alanine, glycine, serine, etc.
Term
Taurine deficiency in cats
Definition
Can lead to blindness, cardiomyopathy, stillbirths, and even death
Term
Denaturation
Definition
Conformational change to a protein
Term
Reasons that cause denaturation
Definition
Increased temperature or changes in pH
Term
Problems of denaturation
Definition
Interferes with electrostatic interactions and some other intramolecular bonds, changes in blood pH can be lethal
Term
Examples of proteins
Definition
Myosin, collagen, elastin, and keratin
Term
Lysine is an essential amino acid because...
Definition
it's the key to improving protein availability.
Term
Nucleic acids
Definition
Store and transfer genetic information
Term
Components of a nucleotide monomer
Definition
Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base
Term
Nitrogenous bases
Definition
Cytosine, uracil, thymine, adenine, and guanine
Term
Nitrogenous base pairing sequence
Definition
A and T, G and C, or A and U when paired in RNA
Term
Uracil
Definition
Unique to RNA
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