Term
| Why is health alone not a sufficient means of assessing animal welfare? |
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Definition
| Poor health means reduced welfare, but can also be apparently 'healthy' and have poor welfare |
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Term
| What are some ways of measuring productivity? |
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Definition
| fat content of milk, L/day, L/ unit capita invested, eggs/month |
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Term
| What is a producer's primary concern when it comes to productivity? |
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Definition
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Term
| By adding an extra hen per cage, each hen makes slightly fewer eggs and _________ is reduced. However, overall the net production of eggs is greater and __________ is increased. |
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Definition
| Biological performance ; Economic performance |
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Term
| What are glucocorticoids & where are they produced |
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Definition
| Catabolic stress hormones; adrenal cortex |
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Term
| What do glucocorticoids do? |
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Definition
| Reduce protein production |
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Term
| Name 2 issues with measuring welfare based on productivity |
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Definition
-It can be measured in different was (usually based on economics)
-production may be pathological
-only considers an average, not the individual animals |
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Term
| Name 2 downsides to using physiology & biochemistry as a basis of judging animal welfare |
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Definition
-difficult to measure the stress scientifically, without adding to the stress
-little physical difference between the physiological response to a negative vs. positive experience |
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Term
| Name 2 Pros to using behaviour analysis when judging animal welfare? |
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Definition
-non invasive
-can be done in the field
-instantaneous
-can precede other indicators of welfare |
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Term
| Name 1 method of using behaviour to judge animal welfare |
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Definition
Look for abnormal behaviour
Look for behavioural indicators of suffering
Look for animal's preferences |
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Term
True or False
Chimpanzees will exhibit different behaviour in thick woodlands than they will in an open habitat |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps to knowing what behavioural indicators correspond to states of suffering |
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Definition
1. Put animal in a situation where you know it will suffer
2. Record the animal's behaviour
3. Look for the behaviour in other situations e.g. commercially |
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Term
True or False
Battery cages do not cause frustration to laying hens |
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Definition
True!
Laying hens to not demonstrate pacing, preening or increased aggression (frustration behaviours) |
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Term
| What is the exception to the idea that laying hens do not suffer frustration in battery cages? |
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Definition
Light hybrid strains
Demonstrate frustration just prior to laying |
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Term
| Name 2 cons to using indicators of states of suffering to judge welfare? |
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Definition
-moral dilemma of having to cause suffering initially to identify the behaviour
-can overlook states of suffering
-animals may suffer in ways that humans don't |
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Term
True or False
In terms of preferences, an animal's choice is absolute |
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Definition
| False. It is relative, and the animal may choose a different option depending on the choices. |
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Term
True or False
A previous experience may influence an animal's choice |
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Definition
|
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Term
True or False
Animals consider the consequences when making a choice |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How might animals be 'fooled' in terms of their preferences |
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Definition
-Offering sweet foods that aren't nutritious
-Addictive drugs aren't necessarily good for the animals |
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Term
True or False
An animal's preference may be trivial in the grand scheme |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Define 'Strength of Preference' |
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Definition
| How hard an animal will work to get their preferred choice, or avoid the less preferred |
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Term
| How might you test strength of preference? |
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Definition
Increase Cost:
-operant conditioning
-obstructing the pathway
Decrease Income
-less time to choose which activity to perform |
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|
Term
True or False
When they were first introduced, battery cages improved welfare |
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Definition
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Term
Which will provide better welfare for a mouse?
-completely cleaning the cage
-cleaning 1/2 of the cage at a time |
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Definition
1/2 at a time
(mice get stressed by the change in smell) |
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Term
| If an animal is exhibiting hock sores (abrasions on it's joints) what environmental change should be made? |
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Definition
|
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Term
True or False
Using a deep litter system with raised drinkers & feeders can reduce dampness of the bedding |
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Definition
True!
Perching = room for more birds = more body heat = less dampness |
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Term
| Name 2 cons to aviary/perching systems for hens |
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Definition
| More risk of internal parasites, feather pecking, cannibalism |
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Term
| Why is cannibalism/feather pecking a greater risk in aviary/perching hen houses? |
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Definition
| The entire flock is exposed to the pecking hen (In battery cages only the hens in the same cage will be affected by the feather pecker) |
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Term
| What is the Nurtinger housing system for pigs? |
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Definition
| Warm area behind a curtain for communal nesting. All other areas (food, water etc.) can be very well ventilated |
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Term
| What is the benefit to Nurtinger housing systems? |
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Definition
| Pigs get a warm place to sleep, and the rest of the housing area can be kept cooler & well ventilated = less ammonia, manure smell etc. |
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Term
| What is the Edinburgh Family Pen system for housing pigs? |
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Definition
| Complex system of rooms & furniture to mimic their natural behaviour |
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Term
| What is simulated by having a roofed section & an open section in the Edinburgh Family pen? |
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Definition
| Simulates a forest border |
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Term
| In an Edinburgh pen, in which direction does the nesting area face? |
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Definition
| Out of the pen towards the gate |
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Term
True or False
In an Edinburgh pen, straw is located in the nesting area |
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Definition
False
It is located at a distance from the nesting area |
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Term
| Why is straw located farther away from the nesting area, in an Edinburgh pen? |
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Definition
| Simulates gathering, carrying & head nodding in pigs as they build their own nest |
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|
Term
| True or False In an Edinburgh pen, the 'washroom' area for the pigs is at a similar distance from the nest as would be found in the wild (8.5-11m) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Name 2 benefit to the Edinburgh Family Pens |
|
Definition
-very natural living for the pigs
-piglets wean naturally
-no stereotypies or vices are exhibited
-sows are in sychronated oestrus while still lactating |
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|
Term
True or False
Grouping animals by age & gender leads to a more stable social environment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
Not allowing sows to all eat at the same time can lead to aggression |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Which 2 men used transponders in sows' ears to regulate food consumption, and had them walk by boars on their way to get water to determine which sow were in heat? |
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Definition
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|
Term
True or False
The Arkell Research System spreads food for pigs over a large area to allow equal opportunity to eat |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name 2 difficulties in trying to improve the husbandry environment for animals? |
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Definition
| -knowledge req'd to maintain a system can disappear within a generation -essential raw materials can disappear or become impossibly expensive e.g. hay & straw |
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|
Term
True or False
By using a kind approach to animals, production can be improved because anabolic steroids are not produced |
|
Definition
False
CATABOLIC steroids are not produced |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The learning & remembering ability of animals |
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|
Term
Which method has greater tractability?
Positive reinforcement/gentle correction
OR
Negative punishment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define negative reinforcement |
|
Definition
Removing a negative stimulus
e.g. push on horse's flank, horse moves over, pressure is released |
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|
Term
| What did Nathan Penny investigate? |
|
Definition
| Effectiveness of different dog training methods |
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Term
| What is a traditional view to cost vs benefits? |
|
Definition
| Societal benefit outweighs animal suffering |
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Term
| What is the weighting of reducing feather pecking vs animal suffering cost, in regards to beak trimming? |
|
Definition
| In reality, the benefits of reducing cannibalism & feather pecking are equal to the cost of the pain and suffering of the animal |
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|
Term
| What was the controversy surrounding the Brown Dog Affair? |
|
Definition
| Bayliss & Starling were accused of performing an illegal live dissection of a dog |
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|
Term
| Which two scientists were accused of vivisection in the Brown Dog Affair? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What must be considered in a cost-benefit analysis before using animals in experimental research? |
|
Definition
-importance of the research goal
-severity & duration of the pain/suffering
-moral status of the animal |
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|
Term
| Who wrote the Principles of Humane Experimental Technique? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reduction, Replacement & Refinement |
|
|
Term
| What is reduction in terms of the 3 R's |
|
Definition
| use the smallest number of animals consistent with getting a reliable result |
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|
Term
| Who founded the Canadian Council of Animal Care? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -approves all animal research projects before allowing them to receive funding |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some stereotypes exhibited by mice in experimental cages? |
|
Definition
| Route tracing, gnawing, barbering, increased aaggression |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Mice removing fur & whiskers from other mice |
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|
Term
True or False
Individual mice seem to focus on barbering in the same area of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can enriching a mouse cage by providing a tunnel/wheel have a negative effect on the mice? |
|
Definition
| Can be a source of aggression, as mice fight over the wheel/tunnel |
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|
Term
| What is the challenge in determining cost-benefit ratios? |
|
Definition
| Measuring the cost to the animal |
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|
Term
How far away is the nesting area from the 'defecating area' in an Edinburgh Family Pen?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How large is the nesting area in an Edinburgh Family Pen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a Nurtinger Housing System, do pigs tend to do things as a group or 'on their own' |
|
Definition
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