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ANS
part 1
52
Nursing
Graduate
10/04/2014

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Term
A DELTA FIBERS ARE WHAT TYPE OF MOTOR FIBERS? WHERE DO THEY TERMINATE?
Definition
TYPE 3. THEY TRANSMIT FAST-SHARP PAIN (WITHDRAWL). 1 AND 5
Term
WHERE DOES DECUSSATION OCCUR AT FOR ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SPINOTHALAMIC SYSTEM?
Definition
AT THE 5TH REXED LAMINA
Term
HOW DOES REXED LAMINA E TRANSMIT IMPULSES TO REXED LAMINA 5?
Definition
THROUGH INTERNEURONS
Term
C FIBERS ARE ALSO KNOWN AS WHAT TYPE OF FIBERS? WHERE DO THEY TERMINATE?
Definition
TYPE 4. THEY ARE SLOW AND FOR CHRONIC PAIN. 2 AND 3
Term
ARE INTERNEURONS OF REXED'S LAMINA EXCITATORY OR INHIBITORY?
Definition
EXCITATORY. THE HAVE TO TRANSMIT SIGNALS TO REXED LAMINA 5
Term
THE POSTERIOR COLUMN TRACT HAS TO DO WITH WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION AMONG OTHER THINGS. WHAT IS WEIGHT DISCRIMINATION?
Definition
HOW HEAVY OR LIGHT AN OBJECT IS.
Term
FOR THE LATERAL PART OF THE ANTEROR AND LATERAL SPINOTHALMIC SYSTEM, WHAT ARE THE 2 MODILITIES FOR THE LATERAL PART?
Definition
PAIN AND THERMAL SENSATIONS
Term
THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE ANTERIOR AND LATERAL SPINOTHALMAIC SYSTEM HAS WHAT 5 MODALITIES?
Definition
ITCH, TICKLE, PRESSURE, VIBRATIONS, AND CRUDE POORLY LOCALIZED TOUCH.
Term
WHERE DOES A SPINOCEREBELLAR PATHWAY GO TO
Definition
COMES FROM THE SPINE TO THE CEREBELLUM
Term
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SPINOCEREBELLAR TRACT R/T DCML AND ALS?
Definition
THERE IS NO DECUSSATION. THE PROPRIOCEPTORS ARE IN THE TRUNK AND LOWER LIMB AND GO TO THE IPSILATERAL CEREBELLUM. SO PROPRIORECEPTORS FROM THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE BODY GOES TO THE RIGHT CEREBELLUM.
Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS?
Definition
DIRECT AND INDIRECT MOTOR PATHWAY
Term
WHAT ARE THE AREAS OF THE DIRECT MOTOR PATHWAY OF THE SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS
Definition
LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL, ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT, AND CORTICOBULBAR TRACT. IT BEGINS IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX, IT GOES THROUGH THE SPINE, AND EXITS IN SKELETAL MUSCLES
Term
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT THE CORTICOBULBAR TRACT?
Definition
IT HAS MORE PRECISE MOVEMENTS
Term
HOW MANY NEURONS DOES THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT HAVE?
Definition
2. THIS IS ALSO KNOWN AS THE UPPER MOTOR NEURONS AND THE LOWER MOTOR NEURONS.
Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF PATHWAYS FOR THE SOMATIC MOTOR PATHWAYS?
Definition
DIRECT AND INDIRECT. THE DIRECT IS BROKEN INTO LATERA CORTICOSPINAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL, AND CORTICOBULBAR TRACT.
Term
WHERE DOES THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT ORIGIANTE AT AND TRAVEL TO?
Definition
THE CEREBRAL CORTEX THROUGH THE SPINE AND GOES OUT TO SKELETAL MUSCLES.
Term
WHAT DOES THE CORTICOBULBAR TRACT INVOLVE?
Definition
MORE PRECISE MOVEMENT
Term
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR LOWER MOTOR NEURON?
Definition
ALPHA MOTOR NEURON. THE LATERAL AND ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR UPPER AND LOWER MOTOR NEURONS. THE FIRST ORDER NEURONS, WHERE IT ALL BEGINS UP HERE.
Term
WITH ANTERIOR AND LATEAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS WHERE ARE THEY ORIGINATING AT?
Definition
THE ARE ORIGINATING IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX WHICH IS THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS
Term
DESCRIBE HOW ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS TRAVEL.
Definition
THEY START IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS AND DESCENDS DOWN THE SPINE, ON THE ANTERIOR TRACTS, AND DECUSSATE AT THE LEVEL OF SPINAL CORD EXIT.
Term
DESCRIBE HOW ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACTS TRAVEL.
Definition
THEY BEGIN IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS AND DESCEND DOWN UNTIL IT GETS TO THE MEDULLA. THERE IT DECUSATES. IT CROSSES OVER IN THE MEDULLA AND AS IT ENTERS INTO THE SPINAL CORD IT WILL TRAVEL NOW IN THE LATERAL COLUMNS. IT FOLLOWS THE LATERAL COLUMNS ALL THE WAY DOWN ND EXITS THE VETRAL HORN.
Term
WHERE ARE THE ALPHA MOTOR NEURONS (SKELETAL MUSCLES) CELL BODIES AND AXONS AT?
Definition
THE VENTRAL HORN AND THE AXONS EXIT THE SPINAL CORD VIA THE VENTRAL ROOT.
Term
IF YOU HAVE A PATIENT WHO HAD A STROKE AND THE PT HAS SLURRED SPEECH AND FACIAL DROOPING WHERE DID THE STORKE OCCUR AT?
Definition
AT THE AREA OF THE PRECENTRAL GYRUS OF THE MOTOR CORTEX WHICH CORRESPONDS WITH SPEECH AND FACE. YOU HAVE INJURY TO THE CONTRALATERAL SIDE. EX. LEFT FACIAL DROOPING THE ISCHEMIA IS ON THE RIGHT CEREBRAL CORTEX. THE SPEECH IS EFFECTED BECASUE TO CONTROL THE TONGUE, THE TONGUE HAS MUSCLES BOTH RIGHT AND LEFT MUSCLES. TO MAKE THE TONGUE PROTRUDE TO THE RIGHT I HAVE TO CONTRACT THE MUSCLES ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE TONGUE.
Term
WHAT TYPE OF MOVEMENTS DOES THE LATERAL CORTICOSPINAL TRACT GIVE US?
Definition
PRECISE VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT OF LIMBS, HANDS, AND FEET.
Term
WHAT TYPE OF MOVEMENTS DOES THE ANTERIOR CORTICOSPINAL TRACT GIVE US?
Definition
MOVEMENT OF THE AXIAL SKELETON. WHEN TO SEE ANTERIOR THINK AXIAL. SO FROM BENDING FORWARD, BENDING BACK, BENDING FROM SIDE TO SIDE.
Term
IS THE CORTICOBULBAR A CORTICOSPINAL TRACT? WHAT IS IT USED FOR?
Definition
NO. FOR THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX OF THE SKELETAL MUSCLES OF THE HEAD AND NECK.
Term
WHERE IS THE CELL BODY, AXON, AND SYNAPTIC BOUTON OF THE UPPER MOTOR NEURONS?
Definition
CELL BODIES ARE IN THE PRIMARY MOTOR CORTEX. THE AXONS ARE ANTERIOR AND LATERAL COLUMNS. THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS IN THE VENTRAL HORN OF THE SPINAL CORD WHERE THEY EXIT.
Term
WHERE IS THE CELL BODY, AXON, AND SYNAPTIC BOUTON OF THE LOWER MOTOR NEURONS?
Definition
THE CELL BODY IS IN THE VENTRAL HORN. THE AXON IS THE VENTRAL ROOT. THE SYNAPTIC BOUTON IS THE NMJ.
Term
WHAT ENZYME COMBINES CHOLINE AND ACETYL COA?
Definition
CHOLINE ACETYLTRASFERASE
Term
WHAT BREAKS APART ACH?
Definition
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE
Term
WHERE IS ACETATE PRODUCED AT?
Definition
GLYCOLYSIS AND THE KREB'S CYCLE.
Term
HOW DOES BOTULINUS TOXIN WORK?
Definition
BLOCK ACH RELEASE FROM PRESYANPTIC TERMINALS.
Term
HOW DOES CURARE WORK?
Definition
COMPETES WITH THE ACH FOR THE RECEPTORS ON THE MOTOR END PLATE. LIKE HOW SUX COMETES FOT THOSE RECEPTORS.
Term
HOW DOES HEMICHOLINIUM WORK?
Definition
IT BLOCK THE REUPTAKE OF CHOLINE INTO THE PRESYNAPTIC TERMINAL AND DEPLETES THE ACH STORES BECASUE IT BLOCK THE REUPTAKE.
Term
WHAT 2 ENZYMES BREAK DOWN CATECHOLAMINES?
Definition
COMT AND MAO
Term
WHAT IS UNIQUE ABOUT SEROTONIN AND GABA?
Definition
THEY ARE 2 NEUROTRANSMITTERS THAT ARE AMINO ACID DERIVATIVES.
Term
WHAT AMINO ACID IS USED TO MAKE SEROTONIN. WHERE CAN SEROTONIN BE USED IN TO MAKE WHAT?
Definition
TRYPTOPHAN IS USED TO MAKE SEROTONIN AND SEROTONIN CAN THEN BE USED IN THE PINEAL GLAND TO MAKE MELATONIN.
Term
WHICH AMINO ACID MAKES GABA?
Definition
GLUTAMATE
Term
WHAT IS INTERESTING ABOUT GLUTAMATE AFTER GABA IS FINISHED WITH IT?
Definition
MUCH LIKE CHOLINE IT IS RECYCLED INTO THE KREB'S CYCLE
Term
WHAT IS THE SYMPATHETIC EXCEPTION RELATED TO POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS?
Definition
SWEAT GLANDS. THEY ARE CHOLINERGIC INSTEAD OF ADRENERGIC. THEY BIND TO A MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR ON THE SWEAT GLANDS. TYPICALLY SNS POSTGANGLIONIC BINDS TO A1,A2,B1, AND B2 RECEPTORS ON SMOOTH MUSCLE AND GLANDS.
Term
DOES THE SNS AND PNS BOTH CAUSE CONTRACTIO OF EYE MUSCLES? WHICH ONE DILATES?
Definition
YES. THE SNS DILATES THE PUPIL
Term
HOW DOES THE SNS CONTRACT THE MUSCLES?
Definition
THROUGH THE INPUT OF ALPHA 1. MUSCLES FOR SNS ARE LIKE PEDAL FLOWERS. WHEN THE CONTRACT THE PUPIL DIALTES.
Term
HOW DOES THE PNS CONTRACT THE MUSCLES AND CAUSE PUPILLARY CONSTRICTION?
Definition
FOR THE PNS THERE ARE CIRCULAR MUSCLES THAT WHEN THEY CONTRACT THEY CAUSE PULPILLARY CONSTRICTION. THE CIRCULAR MUSCLES SHORTEN IN THEIR LENGTH.
Term
IS ALPHA 1 A Gs, Gi, or Gq?
Definition
Gq. IT IS ACTIVATED AND EXCITIED. IT IS LINKED TO IP2 AND CAUSE AND INCREASE IN INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM.
Term
DISCUSS HOW Gq WORKS.
Definition
WHEN DISCUSSING ALPHA 1 RECEPTOR, SINCE IT IS A Gq, WE TALK ABOUT NOREPI SINCE IT IS AN ADRENERGIC CATECHOLAMINE. WHEN NOREPI BIND TO THE RECEPTOR, IT WILL CAUSE A CONFORMATION CHANGE TO IT. THE GDP IS REPLACED BY GTP WHICH DISSOCIATES THE ALPHA SUBUNIT FROM THE BETA AND GAMMA SUBINITS WHICH ARE STATIONARY. THE DISSOCIATION OF THE ALPHA SUBUNIT ALONG WITH THE GTP WILL ATIVATE PHOSPHOLIPASE C. PHOSPHOLIPASE C CLEAVES PIP2 INTO IP3 AND DAG. IP3 WILL TTHEN BIND TO THE RECEPTORS ON THE ER OR ON THE SR CAUSING CALCIUM RELEASE. THE CALCIUM RELEASE IN CONJUNCTION WITH THE DAG ACTIVATES KINASE C WHICH RESULTS IN SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION.
Term
1 MOLECULE OF NOREPI CAN CAUSE ABOUT HOW MANY ENZYMES TO BE ACTIVATED?
Definition
THOUSANDS
Term
HOW DOES B1 AND B2 WORK SINCE THEY ARE Gs?
Definition
THEY WORK THE SAME WAY BUT WHEN THE ALPHA SUBUNIT DISSOCIATES IT ACTIVATES ADENYLYL CYCLASE INSTEAD OF PROSPHOLIPAE C. ADENYLYL CYCLASE ACTIVATES CAMP FROM ATP WHICH IS THE SECOND MESSENGER.
Term
Gi PROTEIN INCREASE WHAT EFFLUX?
Definition
K. THAT IS WHY IT IS INHIBITORY BECAUSE IT HYPOERPOLARIZES THE CELL.
Term
AN INOTROPIC RECEPTOR REFERS TO WHAT?
Definition
A NICOTININC RECEPTOR.
Term
A METABOTROPIC RECEPTOR REFERS TO WHAT?
Definition
ALPHA AND BETA RECEPTORS. THEY ACT THROUGH SECOND MESSENGERS WHICH IS WHAT METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS ARE. MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS ARE METABOTROPIC.
Term
WHAT BINDS TO NICOTINIC AND SKELETAL MUSCLES?
Definition
ACH
Term
DOES THE NT ITSLF DICTATES WHETHER OR NOT SOMETHING IS IONOTROPIC OR METABOTROPIC?
Definition
NO.
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