Term
| Homeostasis or health factors/influences |
|
Definition
environment (ecosystem inteventions)
agent (infectious, non-infectious)
host (intrinsic, extrinsic) |
|
|
Term
| How many rumen contractions are typical for health animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulse, resp, temp for horse |
|
Definition
T 99.1-100.8
P 32-44
R 8-16 |
|
|
Term
| Pulse, resp, temp for cow |
|
Definition
T 100.4-102.8
P 60-70
R 18-28 |
|
|
Term
| Pulse, resp, temp for pig |
|
Definition
T 101.6-103.6
P 60-80
R 8-18 |
|
|
Term
| Pulse, resp, temp for sheep |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pulse, resp, temp for goat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Observations veterinarians make: |
|
Definition
alertness
attentiveness
co-mingling
eating habits
movement
body shape
appearance of eyes, mouth, nose
Posture
manure
urine
body condition
hair coat
Snot color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is world leader in goat MILK and MEAT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
80% in tropical ag, important for that
Especially important in developing countries
Better adapted to arid tropics than cattle |
|
|
Term
| What was one of first domesticated animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Globally meat production is greater in cattle or goat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
browse (bushy plants) and forbs (broad leaf plants), can also graze grass
little concentrate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes for more efficient use of forage
Electric fencing requires 4-5 wires
More labor intensive
internal parasites |
|
|
Term
| Stomach worm in goats strategy |
|
Definition
| de-worming and pasture rotation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goats
over eating disease
Closridium perfringens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goats
sores around mouth
can vaccinate young animals
immunity after incidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
all goats should be tested
any positive animals slaughtered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
goats
protosoan
drench with sulfa or anitbiotic |
|
|
Term
How many goats are in US?
What are the most goats used for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is angora in goats and what states have the most angora goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What states have most MILK goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What states have most MEAT goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are FL's stats when it comes to goat angora, milk, and meat? |
|
Definition
angora-?
Milk- 5k
meat- 55k |
|
|
Term
| What is most frequently consumed meat worldwide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of industry is goat in the US? |
|
Definition
Segmented
Commercial goat production
Purebred and exhibition |
|
|
Term
| What is the seasonality of production in goats? |
|
Definition
Photoperiod sensitivity
most fed goats marketed in fall
many sold much smaller and younger in spring |
|
|
Term
| How does goat's milk differ from cow's milk |
|
Definition
Goat- contains vitamin A
cow- contains beta-carotene, precursor of vitamin A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
terminal breed
most prevalent meat breed
from South Africa
heavily muscled (2 inch loin)
efficient gainers
200% kid crops, 160% weaned
1.5 kiddies/year
High demand b/c of large yield
Termninal markets, show animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
terminal
New Zealand
Very hardy, repro efficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
dual purpose breed
high milk production
efficient breeding 3-6 kids/year
aseasonal breeders
mod terminal quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
High milk production
Minimal carcass quality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"dual" purpose breed
mod milk production
-b/c they're aseasonal they produce year round
Large frame, efficient gainers
Mod carcass quality
used in crossbreeding programs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
terminal breed
recessive genetic disorder- myotonia congenita
Causes muscle stiffness in flight or fight
efficient gainers, heavily muscled
aseasonal breeders, low maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
terminal, novelty
african origin
first brought to US for zoos
heavily muscled
-as a result of ag impact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
descendants of goats first brought to new world
very hardy
used for meat and brush removal today |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FIBER
primary purpose is mohair production
typically 1 birth/yr |
|
|
Term
| palatability influenced by |
|
Definition
flavor
juiciness
tenderness |
|
|
Term
| Paltability is measured by |
|
Definition
consumer taste panels- subjective
trained sensory panels- subjective
warner-bratzler shear force- objective |
|
|
Term
| what is warner-bratzler test |
|
Definition
cook meat, take sample, put knife on it, more pressure it takes to cut, the less tender it is
can calculate amount of force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FAT
species specific
marbling
nutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
endpoint degree of doneness
water-holding capacity
marbling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the highest degree of marbling called?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 factors of tenderness? |
|
Definition
structural differences
1. connective tissues
-animal age
-muscle use
2. density and lubrication
-marbling
connective tissue large deal for cattle |
|
|
Term
| what does it take to have certified angus beef? |
|
Definition
51% black hided
have to grade upper 2/3rds choice |
|
|
Term
| what are the quality grades |
|
Definition
Prime
upper 2/3
low 1/3
select
standard- hamburger |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tender- younger
not a lot of flavor- little fat
TEMP ABUSE
issues with juiciness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cheaper
less tender
more flavorful
more juicy
muscles of locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
temp abuse
have non-enhanced and enhanced
enhanced is injected with 12% water, salt, phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inherently tough
muscle of locomotion
butt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| grassfed has very yellow fat |
|
|
Term
| difference between country-cured ham and cured ham |
|
Definition
country-cured
twice the salt content
dry cured for a year
sodium nitrate
CURED HAM
cooked and smoked
sodium nitrate |
|
|
Term
| Functions of nitrate/nitrite |
|
Definition
1. inhibits growth of bacteria
-botulism --> death
2. cured pink color
3. cured flavor and texture
4. decrease rancidity
-retards lipid oxidation
-prevents warmed over flavor
5. same as natural process |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animal tissue suitable for human consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hunter gatherers
-responsible for higher development?
on farm production
-dual purpose animals
large scale meat production |
|
|
Term
| progression of meat industry in US |
|
Definition
started in northeast, migrates to central USA
coastal region- pork
south east- poultry |
|
|
Term
Red meat
-beef
-veal
-pork
-mutton
-lamb
-chevon |
|
Definition
beef- cattle greater than 1 yr
veal- cattle less than 5 mos, milk fed
pork from swine no boars
mutton- mature sheep
lamb- young sheep
chevon- goats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stored in different locations
may be manipulated thru management
important for flavor
determines caloric content of meat |
|
|
Term
Composition of meat
water
protein
fat
minerals
carbos |
|
Definition
65-75% water
15-20% protein
2-12% fat
1% mineral
<1% carbos |
|
|
Term
| classes of nutrients from meat |
|
Definition
protein
lipids
minerals
vitamins |
|
|
Term
vitamins
what vitamin is only found in animal pdts? |
|
Definition
Vitamin B12
required by humans
for protection of nerve cells
formation of blood cells in bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Iron
O2 transport in body
Heme Fe is 3-5 times more easily absorbed than non-heme Fe from veggies
ZINC
tissue development, growth, wound healing |
|
|
Term
| Daily red meat consumption in US |
|
Definition
3 oz/day uncooked
supplies 25g protein (1/2 of RDA)
American Heart Association
recommends 3.5oz cooked meat/person
75% yield from cooking
SO 3.5/0.75 = 4.5 raw |
|
|
Term
| consumption trends in meat |
|
Definition
1960s- beef most consumed meat
since 1990s- chicken most consumed, beef declied
pork has remained consistent |
|
|
Term
| reasons for shift in meat consumption |
|
Definition
poultry is perceived as having less fat (not really)
less cholesterol
chicken is cheaper |
|
|
Term
Meat industry size
cattle
hogs
sheep
poultry |
|
Definition
cattle- 32.3 mill
hogs 112.1 mill
sheep 2 mill
poultry 8.1 Billion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RSBHESTPP
1. receving and ante-mortem inspection
--ANIMALS MUST BE STANDING
2. Stunning- rendered insensible to pain
-mechanical (cattle)
-electrical (swine)
-chemical (swine)
3. bleeding
4. hide/hair pelt removal
5. evisceration
6. split carcass
7. trim, wash, chill
8. pathogen intervention
9. postmortem inspection |
|
|
Term
| what does the packer do in meat? |
|
Definition
harvest- products of carcass are edible offal (heart, liver, kidneys), non-edible offal (hide, blood)
Cost- animal, overhead
building, equip, labor
profits are 0.8-1% of total sales |
|
|
Term
| what is fabrication in meat? |
|
Definition
two phases: carcass --> product
fabrication with packer
-reduce carcass to primals and then subprimals (boxed beef)
-costs- labor, overhead, packaging |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
processing adds value to products, prepares into portion sizes
costs- raw material, ingredients, labor |
|
|
Term
| who delivers meat to consumer? |
|
Definition
wholesaler
company that buys from big packers to sell to smaller companies
20% mark up on sales
costs- storage, handing, transportation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Publix, Winn Dixie
30% mark up on sales
costs- product loss, advertising, spoilage, equipment, labor |
|
|
Term
| where is meat case headed? |
|
Definition
case ready products
groceries doing away with meat cutters (hiring college kids)
both good and bad |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
producer 30
processing 31
wholesaler 10
retail 23
transportation 6 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animal age
animal diet
post rigor handling |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
animal age (collagen thickens with age)
genetics
fat content
chilling
aging
cooking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
determines the edible portion of carcass
cutability |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
related to palatability of meat
eatability |
|
|
Term
| components of yield grade |
|
Definition
subcutaneous fat (measured at 12th rib)
muscling (determined by REA at 12th rib)
internal fat (estimation of kidney, pelvic, and heart fat)
carcass weight
KPH- kidney, pelvic, heart fat |
|
|
Term
| expression of yield grade |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
physiological age
-bone ossification
younger more tender than old
Expressed alphabetically A-E
-A is youngest (under 30 mos)
-E is oldest (8 yrs and older) |
|
|
Term
| Quality grade: maturity components |
|
Definition
lean color
darker red = older
consumers want bright cherry red
more MYOGLOBIN in older animals |
|
|
Term
What types of meat do grocery stores sell?
Mom and pop places? |
|
Definition
grocery- choice
mom and pop- select (not as good) |
|
|
Term
| List of carcass grade in BEEF |
|
Definition
from worst to best (#s are yield)
canner
cutter
utility
commercial 5
standard 4
select 3
choice 2
prime 1 |
|
|
Term
| list of carcass grade in LAMB |
|
Definition
from worst to best (#s are yield
utility 4
good 3
choice 2
prime 1 |
|
|
Term
| list of carcass grade in PORK |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what carcass grades grade an A or B |
|
Definition
| prime, choice, select, standard |
|
|
Term
| what carcass grades grade a C, D, or E |
|
Definition
| commercial, utility, cutter, canner |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tax dollars
veterinarian- large operations
lay inspector- small operations |
|
|
Term
| what does inspection of meat do? |
|
Definition
| determines wholesomness of meat |
|
|
Term
| 1906 Federal meat inspection act |
|
Definition
The Jungle by Upton Sinclair
meat inspection act of 1935
wholesome meat act of 1976
-equal to law |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of meat inspection? |
|
Definition
municipal
state (some states done away, can't send across state lines)
federal (can send anywhere in world) |
|
|
Term
| who coordinates meat inspection? |
|
Definition
| Food Safety Inspection Service (FSIS) branch of USDA |
|
|
Term
| Inspection insures 3 things.... |
|
Definition
1. DETECTION and destruction of diseased/ contaminated meat
2. ASSURANCE of clean + sanitary handling and prep
3. MINIMIZATION of micrbiological contamination of meat
4. PREVENTION of adulteration (addition of harmful substances to humans)
5. PREVENTION of false LABELING
6. APPLICATION of inspection insignia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
buildings
cleaning and sanitation
pest control
equipment |
|
|
Term
| what is ante mortem inspection |
|
Definition
live animals
condition and handling |
|
|
Term
| what is postmortem inspection |
|
Definition
lymph nodes of head, lungs, liver
tongue, heart, spleen, kidney
carcass |
|
|
Term
| what is employee inspection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what things do inspectors inspect |
|
Definition
ante mortem
post mortem
employees |
|
|
Term
| what are the inspection stamps? |
|
Definition
pass- stamp carcass
retain- for further testing
condemn- inedible |
|
|
Term
| what are the rules and regulations of inspection? |
|
Definition
code of federal regulation
directives
notices |
|
|
Term
| consequences of breaking meat rules |
|
Definition
noncompliance records
suspension of inspection
closure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hazard
Analysis
Critical
Control
Point |
|
|
Term
| What is the HACCP of meat safety? |
|
Definition
systematic approach to ID, eval, and control of food safety hazards
-foundation of any plant's food safety system
-mandatory in 2000
-based on four key principles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
conduct a hazard analysis
identify critical control points
specify crticial limits
establish monitoring procedure
establish corrective action
establish verification procedure
establish records system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any biological, chemical, or physical hazard that might cause illness or harm to consumer and is reasonably likely to occur |
|
|
Term
| what are pathogens of interest for poultry |
|
Definition
| salmonella, campylobacter |
|
|
Term
| what are pathogens of interest for pork |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are pathogens of interest for beef |
|
Definition
| E. coli (+6 additional STEC) and salmonella |
|
|
Term
| what are pathogens for RTE (ready to eat) |
|
Definition
| salmonella, E. coli and listeria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attached after processing and before package
affects immunodeficient people |
|
|
Term
| Interventions of pathogens |
|
Definition
hide-on carcass wash
proper hide removal- on the cradle skinning
steam vacuum
organic acid wash
hot water wash |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trained employees
-skinned line
-rotating and sterilizing
-wash frequently
-cross contamination awareness
traffic patterns
air flow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
zero tolerance audits
VerifEYE- detects all plant-derived materials
carcass mapping
generic E. coli measuring
Trim testing |
|
|
Term
| prefabrication carcass organic acid rinse |
|
Definition
| 2.5% lactic acid immediately prior to fabrication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
trim and subprimal intervention cabinets
-peroxyacidic acid
in bag technologies
vaccinations
-bioniche- approved in canada
-epitopix- conditional approved in US
Barriers- number of doses, lack of data
Bacteriophages- spray on animal before entering holding pens
-prelim results are good
challenges- incubation time, getting phage to source of problem
irradiation |
|
|
Term
| If meat passes insepction is household safety insured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
clean
cold
cook thoroughly |
|
|
Term
| What temperature do bacteriophages start to grow |
|
Definition
40 F
ground meat/ poultry- use within 1 day
other meat- may refrig for 1-3 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in fridge (6-9 h/lb)
deforst in microwave
NEVER defrost at RT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bacteria can be throughout
cook to internal temp of greater than 160 F |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rare is ok
bacteria only exist on surface
surface temp over 165 when cooking |
|
|
Term
| Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy |
|
Definition
mad cow disease
neurodegenerative disease
spread via prions
causes Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease in humans (brain wasting)
long incubation times
SCRAPES in sheep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ONLY in certain tissues of affect animals
classified as Specific risk materials (SRMs)
-distal ileum
-spinal cord
-vertebral columnn
-skull
-brain
-eyes
-tonsil |
|
|
Term
| where are SRM (specific risk materials) found in bovine <30 mos? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are SRM (specific risk materials) found in bovine over 30 mos? |
|
Definition
brain
skull
eyes
spinal cord
dorsal root ganglia
trigerminal ganglia
spinal column
distal ileum tonsils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
high fat = high yield grade = high quality grade
same with low |
|
|
Term
| how do beef gain finish fat |
|
Definition
front to rear
top to bottom |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is purpose of grading? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE OR FALSE: all meat sold for human consumption must be graded |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| TRUE OF FALSE: all meat sold for human consumption must be inspected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is purpose of meat inspection? |
|
Definition
| ensures meat is safe and wholesome |
|
|
Term
| what are components that USDA graders use to determine yield grade in cattle and hogs? WILL BE ON EXAM |
|
Definition
| fat thickness, muscle, hot carcass weight |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 main components of quality grading for a beef carcass? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are things that increase dressing percentage |
|
Definition
anything that remains on carcass
muscle
weight
fat --> IMF, sub-q |
|
|
Term
| what are things that decrease dressing percentage |
|
Definition
pregnancies
hide
horns
"fill"- last meal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which dress better: pigs or cows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DP = [hot weight/live weight] * 100 |
|
|
Term
| what is hot weight of hog that weighed 300 lbs and had 70% dressing? |
|
Definition
70% = [x/300] *100
210 lbs |
|
|
Term
| primal cuts on beef and their retail names |
|
Definition
round - round steak
loin - sirloin steak
rib- ribeye
chuck- flat iron steak |
|
|
Term
| primal cuts on pork and retail names |
|
Definition
loin- rib chop
ham- ham center slice
boston butt- blade roast
picnic shoulder- arm roast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
propagation and rearing of aquatic organisms in controlled or selected enviros for any commercial, rec, or public purpose
-freshwater
-brackish
-seawater
-plant |
|
|
Term
| until recent years aquaculture was considered a subsistence form of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
aquaculture is
____ efficient in converting feed to high protein food |
|
Definition
MOST efficient
encouraged and supported by world orgos
a way to provide high protein diets whose diets were deficiet
PRACTICED MOST IN ASIA |
|
|
Term
| applications of aquaculture |
|
Definition
food for human consumption
food for other aquatic species
bait for sport fishing
recreational fishing
restoration of wild stock
experimental use
biological control
biofuel/biogas production
waste water management
ornamental/aquarium species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
seafood from aquaculture is replacing wild caught
--wild pops increase
cultured fish utilize resources not used for other forms of ag
more efficient use of food |
|
|
Term
| efficiency: food conversion (pounds fed/pounds gained) |
|
Definition
cattle 6:1
swine 3:1
poultry 2:1
catfinish 1.5:1
salmon 1.2:1 |
|
|
Term
| what is US per capita consumption of seafood annually? |
|
Definition
15-16 lbs (less than other meats)
ASIA consumers more seafood than anything else |
|
|
Term
| fish and shellfish originate from |
|
Definition
commercial landings (catches of captures)
aquaculture
recreational fishing |
|
|
Term
| aquaculture species categories |
|
Definition
finfish (vertebrates)
shellfish
-crustaceans (crabs, shrimp, lobster, crawfish)
-mollusks (clam, oysters, mussels, scallops |
|
|
Term
| top 3 countries of aquaculture production + USA |
|
Definition
China 70%- bulk in China (68%)
India
Vietnam |
|
|
Term
| what is most cultured aquaculture species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is most cultured aquaculture in US |
|
Definition
catfish
arkansas, mississippi, louisiana
2. trout
3. salmon |
|
|
Term
| what is aquaculture like in FL? |
|
Definition
| ornamental or aquarium fish |
|
|
Term
| major states in aquaculture |
|
Definition
100 million plus
Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississsippi, CA, Washington
next tier (40-99 mill)
-FL, AL, TX, ID |
|
|
Term
| Top seafood consumption in US |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| aquaculture production issues |
|
Definition
biggest bottleneck effects
-nutrition of juveniles
-development of adult brood stock
-repro |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2 in water comes from aquatic plants
fish consume plants and other fish
FIsh produce waste material that enter water -CO2, ammonia, fecal solids |
|
|
Term
| physical management of aquaculture |
|
Definition
temp
flow rate
light
water level
water clarity |
|
|
Term
| chemical management of aquaculture |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| biological management of aquaculture |
|
Definition
fish density
bacteria
plankton |
|
|
Term
| major poultry organizations |
|
Definition
US poultry and egg industry
national chicken council
national turkey federation
united egg producers
national broiler council |
|
|
Term
| when does hen reach sexual maturity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how much money does poultry industry bring |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what bird did all domestic chickens of today originate |
|
Definition
RED JUNGLE FOWL- looks very close to today's chicken
-discovered in 3200 BC India, 1400 BC China
-brought to Europe
-used for cock fighting, religious rituals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-originated from reptiles
-feathers are modified scales
-cannot reg body temp
-1861 first avian ancestor discovered in germany
---Archaeopteryx- ancient wing |
|
|
Term
| what is greatest cost of raising poultry |
|
Definition
feed
hormones never used in poultry industry to promote performance |
|
|
Term
| what are 2 sectors of poultry |
|
Definition
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Term
| what are 2 sectors of meat sector? |
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Definition
broiler- meat, 9.2 mill birds/year
turkeys |
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Term
|
Definition
shell color
-brown from chickens with brown or red ear lobes
white
-white ear lobes |
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Term
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Definition
egg-type bird
282 mill birds/year |
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Term
| what is largest farm type of chickens in US |
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Definition
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Term
| what has caused greater efficiency in chickens? |
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Definition
80% genetics
20% advancements in housing management, equip, feeding, vaccines |
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Term
| who does all breeding to produce genetic stock of meat and egg type that we have in world wide commercial poultry industry? |
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Definition
primary breeders- heart of poultry industry
no other animal industry has degree of centralization of breeding |
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Term
top 5 companies produce __% of all broilers in US
NEED TO KNOW |
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Definition
60
Tyson 36 mill/week
Pilgrim's pride 12 mill/week
perdue 12 mill/week
Koch- 11 mill/week
Sanderson- 8 mill/week |
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Term
| each year, broiler production in US normally increases |
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Definition
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Term
| feed costs in chicken represent _____% of live production costs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ventriculus (gizzard)--> proventriculus (true gastric stomach) |
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Term
| diets of chicken based on |
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Definition
soybean meal 48% protein, low energy once oil removed
corn 7-8% protein, high energy |
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Term
| six major nutrients of chicken diets? |
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Definition
carbos
lipid
protein
vitamins
minerals
water |
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Term
| In any type of poultry operation, what is the major cause of poor bird performance? |
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Definition
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Term
Why are chickens always fed diets that contain a variety of different feed
ingredients? |
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Definition
| - Some ingredients are high in one nutrient and low in another |
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Term
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Definition
must have access to outside
door can be very small with limited access |
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Term
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Definition
fed stuff with no use of chemical fertilizers, fungicide, herbicides, or GMOs
no antiobiotics (unless sick)
free range access |
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Term
| heritage breeds of chicken |
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Definition
new hampshire
barred rocks
buff orpingtons |
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Term
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Definition
butterball llc 450,00 metric tons
Jennie O Turkey 440,000 metric tons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 8 reasons hormones never used in poultry industry |
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Definition
1. illegal
2. no firm manufactures or sells hormones
3. cost is prohibitive
4. administration very difficult
5. impact performance neg
6. don't act like steroid hormones
7. not 100% effective
8. not needed |
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Term
| 2 words to describe poultry industry |
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Definition
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Term
| grower in chicken industry |
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Definition
| supplies land, labor, broiler, house and equip, broiler bedding |
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Term
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Definition
| hatchery birds, feed, service person, processing plant, marketing, final product |
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Term
| most powerful person in chicken processing plant |
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Definition
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Term
| operations with milk cows is ______ as cows per farm is ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| small cow farms call vets for |
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Definition
sick cows/calves
emergency calls
sporadic pregnancy- diagnostic |
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Term
| large cow farms call vets for |
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Definition
reg preg checks and ultra sound
consultation/data analysis
maximize production
training |
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Term
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Definition
disease treatment
nutrition
repro and genetics
data analysis |
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Term
| cow natural service ration |
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Definition
1 bull per 20 cows
1 bull per 40 heifers
bull breeding soundness exam |
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Term
cow artificial insemination
semen cyroconserved temp
semen thawing |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| timed artificial insemination |
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Definition
| ovulation synchronization and AI with reproductive hormones |
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Term
| diagnosis of pregnancy in cows |
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Definition
rectum palpation
>36 days after breeding
ultrasound
>26 days |
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Term
| most costly diseases in cows |
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Definition
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Term
| most common interventions in cows |
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Definition
digestive probs/LDA surgery
dystocia and peripartum diseases
down cows
metabolic diseases (milk fever/ketosis) |
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Term
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Definition
negative energy balance
ketone bodies
aceto acetate in urine |
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Term
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Definition
milk fever
low levels of Ca in blood
after calving
prevention- transition diet
calcium solution IV/oral |
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Term
|
Definition
prevention
-diet
-routine trimming
-lameness scoring
-foot baths
treatment
-corrective trimming
-protective devices |
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Term
| down cow (animal welfare) |
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Definition
dystocia
milk fever
trauma
-fracture
-disloation
toxemia
-mastitis
-metritis |
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Term
| disease prevention in cows |
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Definition
vaccination
health monitoring procedures
standard operating procedures
continuous employee training
-calves
-calving procedures
-milking parlor
enviro |
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Term
| replacement rearing in cows |
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Definition
colostrum management
proper housing and feeding
vaccination protocol
dehorning
monitoring growing |
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Term
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Definition
critical for early immunity
given in first 1-12 hrs (Ig-G absorption)
total serium protein
1/2 to 1 gallon
high quality: >70 g Ig-G/L
low bacteria count
low coliform count |
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Term
| under nutrition definition |
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Definition
| result of prolonged low levels of food intake and/or low absorption of food consumed |
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Term
|
Definition
exist when all people at all times have both physical
and economical access to sufficient, safe and
nutritious food that meets their dietary needs for an
active healthy life |
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Term
| how many hungry people are in the wolrd |
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Definition
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Term
| IN 2050, we will need 100% more food |
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Definition
| 20-30% from additional farmland |
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Term
| good agriculture practice- usda certification |
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Definition
Group of principles applying to on farm production and post
production processes, resulting in safe and healthy food, while
taking into account economical, social and environmental
sustainabilit |
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Term
| Hazard analysis and critical control points |
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Definition
Systematic preventive approach that addresses physical,
chemical and biological hazards as a means of prevention
rather than finished product inspection. e.g. antibiotics in
milk. |
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Term
| role of vets in quality food production |
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Definition
animal health and well being
support of producer in managing health and productivity of animals
monitor safety and wholesomeness of animals entering food chain |
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Term
| timeline for production of cows |
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Definition
calving 6-8 mos
4-8 mos weaning and growing
4-6 mos feeding
2-4 days harvest and fabrication
14-22 mos retail sales |
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Term
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Definition
farrow
wean
nursery
grower
-finisher
-market
OR
-replacement (breeding)
-gestation |
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Term
| read label for animal health product use |
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Definition
dosage, timing
route of administration
warning or indications
withdrawal period
storage, disposal
shelf life |
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|
Term
primary function of
crop
gizzard
proventriculus |
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Definition
storing food
grinding food
makes acid and stomach enzymes |
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Term
| how often do chickens lay eggs |
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Definition
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|
Term
where in hen's repro tract does the following occur:
fertilization
albumen formation
membrane and chalazae formation |
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Definition
infindibulum
magnum
isthmus |
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