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ANS ch 9 KD
Westminster physio exam 2
41
Physiology
Undergraduate 2
03/17/2012

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Term
How many neuron pathways are in the ANS
Definition
2 Preganglionic and post ganglionic
Term
Effectors output from the ANS
Definition
Smooth muscle, cardiac muscles, and glands
Term
Preganglionic neuron pathway
Definition
has some in the central nervous system
axons exit the CNS and synapse in peripheral ganglion with the post ganglionic neuron
Term
Post ganglionic pathway
Definition
ends in the target tissue
Term
Automaticity in the cardiac and some smooth muscles
Definition
some depolarization without nerve input
contracts without signal
Term
muscle contracting in the ANS
Definition
smooth muscle-maintains resting tone if nerve is cut
is autonomic nerve is cut- hypersensitivity occurs
spontaneous contraction can occur
autonomic system adjust resting rate
Term
Sympathetic devision of the ANS
Thoracolumbar
Definition
preganglionic releases acetylcholine
postganglionic releases norepinephrine
Long post ganglionic
Term
sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia
Definition
where pre and post ganglionic cells synapse
sympathetic chain parallels the vertebral column
both divergence and convergence are seen here
Term
collateral ganglia include
Definition
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
Term
adrenal gland
Definition
stimulated directly by preganglionic neuron-straight to the gland
releases hormone epinephrine
Term
Parasympathetic- carniosacral
Definition
preganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine
postganglionic neuron releases acetylcholine
really short post
terminal ganglia are near or in the organ
Term
cholinergic
Definition
synapses that utilize Acteyl. in all pre and post
pre is always exciting the post
Term
adrenergic
Definition
synapses that utilize Norep. (adrenaline)
sympathetic post releases it
can excite or inhibit
Term
adrenergic stimulation
excitatory
Definition
heart, blood vessels, iris
Term
adrenergic stimulation
inhibitory
Definition
bronchioles dilation to open, some blood vessels
Term
adrenergic receptor type
alpha
Definition
smooth muscle contraction
a1 use Ca+ as a second messenger=dilation of eyes constricts bf's in skin skeletal muscles
a2-some presynaptic membranes- decreases NE release-neg feedback. some cause vasoconstriction
Term
adrenergic receptor type
beta
Definition
all use cAMP as a 2nd messenger
B1- found in the heart-^ contraction
B2-found in bronchioles-dilaiton in airways
B3-found in adipose
Term
agonist
Definition
a drug whose effect is to mimic the effect of the neurotransmitter
Term
antagonist
Definition
a drug whose effect is the opposite of the neurotransmitter
Term
Cholinergic Stimulation pre and the post ganglionic
Definition
always excitatory at NT junctions and autonomic preganglionic synapses
usually excitatory at parasympathetic postganglionc-but not always
Term
nicotinic receptor
Definition
in autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions
blocked by curare
always excitatory
where pre meets post
Term
muscarinic receptor
Definition
parasympethetic terminals in heart (inhibits) pupils (dilation=constriction of pupil), digestive
blocked by atropine
use G proteins can be excitatory or inhibitory
Term
3 types of dual innervation
Definition
antagonist
complementary
cooperative
Term
antagonistic innervation
Definition
pacemaker, adrenergic increases; cholinergic decreases

opposite effect
Term
complementary innervation
Definition
salivary glands: parasymp-water; sympathy- thicker

similar affects
Term
cooperative innervation
Definition
parasym- erection; symp- ejaculation
parasym-bladder contraction sympth-increases bladder tone feedback
different effects that work together
Term
Organs without dual innervations
Definition
some are sympathetic only: adrenal medulla
blood vessels
sweat glands
Term
higher control centers
Definition
medulla oblongata
hypothalamus
limbic system
cerebellum
Term
smooth pursuit eye movements
Definition
slower movements to follow moving objects
Term
saccadic eye movements
Definition
faster movements to target image on the fovea
Term
mergence eye movements
Definition
converge eyes so that the image falls on the foveae simultaneously to allow 3-d image
Term
fixational eye movements
Definition
imperceptible to prevent adaptation so vision is not lost
Term
emmetropia

myopia
Definition
normal vision

nearsighted (long globe)
Term
hyperopia

astigmatism
Definition
farsighted (short globe)

irregularity between cornea and lens
Term
prebyopia
Definition
age related loss of ability of lens to change
Term
accommodation
Definition
the ability of the eye to keep an image in focus
contraction or relaxation of the muscle of the ciliary body
Term
muscle contraction of accommodation
Definition
if muscle contracted, less tension on suspensory ligaments which allows the lens to become rounder for near vision
Term
muscle relaxation of accommodation
Definition
if muscle is relaxed, more tension on suspensory ligaments which flattens lens for distance vision
Term
refraction
Definition
light bends when passing from one medium to another
degree of bending depends on refractive index
Term
conductive deafness
Definition
due to interference in getting the sound wave carried to the receptors in the organ of corti
(ex:blockage of ear canal scarring around ossicles)
Term
sensorineural deafness
Definition
due to interference between the receptors and the auditory context
(ex: receptor damage, tumor, trauma to nerve pathway)
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