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ANS 3440 Types of Water Soluble Vitamins
Water soluble vitamins in livestock
120
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
04/06/2014

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Term
What 2 water soluble vitamins are not stored to any extent in the body tissue and kidney reabsorbs some from the blood but some escapes as well as excesses?
Definition
B complex vitamins and Vitamin C
Term
What vitamins must be in constant supply?
Definition
Water soluble vitamins
Term
What vitamin is colorless, white crystalline compound which has strong oxidizing and reducing properties?
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
Vitamin was fist recognized because of its effects against what?
Definition
Scurvy
Term
Vitamin C is destroyed by cooking therefore must be consumed what?
Definition
Fresh
Term
What prevents Scurvy?
Definition
Citrus/limes
Term
Loss of teeth, loss of hair, bleeding gums, skin lesions, loss of fingernails, and hemorrhages throughout the body are all symptoms of what?
Definition
Scurvy
Term
Scurvy is do to what?
Definition
Breakdown of collagen synthesis
Term
How much of vitamin C can prevent scurvy?
Definition
10mg/day (1 cup of orange juice = 300mg)
Term
Who advocated high levels of vitamin C directly form guinea pigs?
Definition
Dr. Linus Pauling
Term
Toxicity of vitamin C is unlikely but can cause hemochromatosis which is what?
Definition
Over storage of Iron
Term
Animals that require vitamin C must have a constant what?
Definition
Daily supply (humans, fruit bats, guinea pig, great apes)
Term
Other animals can synthesize vitamin C from what?
Definition
Glucose
Term
Collagen formation requires what 2 hydroxy groups?
Definition
Proline and Lysine
Term
What are the 3 metabolic role of Vitamin C?
Definition
Collagen formation, Antioxidant, and Iron absorption
Term
Increase in kidney output increases water soluble vitamin what?
Definition
Excretion
Term
Who are at high risk of deficiency?
Definition
Alcoholics
Term
All animals require B complex metabolically, but only what animals have a dietary requirement?
Definition
Non ruminants
Term
Why don't ruminants have a dietary requirement?
Definition
Microbes make B complex vitamins
Term
Non ruminants do synthesize B complex in the lover GIT but not well absorbed Most escapes in the what?
Definition
Feces
Term
Animals that eat there feces is called what?
Definition
Coprophagy
Term
Most B vitamins function as what in the transfer of energy?
Definition
Co Enzymes
Term
These co enzymes are necessary in both plant and animal and are found in highest concentration in the most what tissues?
Definition
Active tissues
Term
Tissue is constantly converting what, requiring B complex vitamins as co enzymes?
Definition
Molecules
Term
What is the active tissue in plants?
Definition
Leaves
Term
What is the active tissue in animals?
Definition
Organs
Term
In general, B complex deficiencies are exhibited in what 2 areas?
Definition
Nervous system and Skin
Term
What B vitamin Source is from plant sources that are high in carbohydrates, and animals tissue (pork)?
Definition
Thiamin (B1)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from green vegetables, milk, and animal tissue?
Definition
Riboflavin (B2)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from whole grains, wheat germ, and animal tissue?
Definition
Niacin (B3)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from basically everything plant or animal, royal jelly?
Definition
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from peanuts, cauliflower, egg yolks, cheese, and liver?
Definition
Biotin (vitamin H)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from animal tissue, green and leafy vegetables, whole grains, and royal jelly?
Definition
Pyridoxine (B6)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from animal tissue only?
Definition
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Term
What B vitamin Source is from green and leafy vegetables, orange juice, and liver?
Definition
Folate
Term
Enriched products have added what 4 B complex vitamins?
Definition
Thiamin, Nicain, Riboflavin, and Folate
Term
What B vitamin Function is decarboxylation reactions?
Definition
Thiamin (B1)
Term
What B vitamin Function is oxidation reduction reactions (FAD, FMN)?
Definition
Riboflavin (B2)
Term
What B vitamin Function is oxidation reduction reactions (NAD, NADP)?
Definition
Niacin (B3)
Term
What B vitamin Function is coenzyme A?
Definition
Panthothenic acid (B5)
Term
What B vitamin Function is carboxylation reactions?
Definition
Biotin (Vitamin H)
Term
What B vitamin Function is amino acid reactions and protein synthesis?
Definition
Pyridoxine (B6)
Term
What B vitamin Function is normal red blood cell formation associated with folate?
Definition
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Term
What B vitamin Function is single carbon metabolism (DNA, RNA, amino acids)?
Definition
Folate
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system, cardiovascular. classic sign is beriberi?
Definition
Thiamin (B1)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system, ariboflavinosis?
Definition
Riboflavin (B2)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system, skin, classic sign is pellagra?
Definition
Niacin (B3)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system and nerve demyelination?
Definition
Pantothenic acid (B5)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in skin and dermatitis?
Definition
Biotin (vitamin H)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in Nervous system?
Definition
Pyridoxine (B6)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in pernicious anemia?
Definition
Cyanocobalamin (B12)
Term
What B vitamin has deficiencies in macrocytic anemia
Definition
Folate
Term
What is the term used by British nutritionists for thiamin?
Definition
Aneurin
Term
What thiamin deficiency is CNS disorder of chicks?
Definition
Polyneuritis
Term
What thiamin deficiency is cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle primarily due to converting to concentrate too rapidly?
Definition
Polioencphalomalacia
Term
What thiamin deficiency is muscular weakness and trembling in humans?
Definition
Beriberi
Term
What thiamin deficiency is from eating polished rice?
Definition
Emperors disease
Term
What 2 things are required for all functions of thiamin?
Definition
Mg and Mn
Term
What enzyme/anitvitamin inactivates thiamin and is found in certain species of fish, shrimp, clams, mussels, and also bracken fern?
Definition
Thiaminase
Term
As metabolic rate increases and dietary carbohydrate increase so does the thiamin what?
Definition
Requirement
Term
What B complex vitamin was first identified in milk and called lactochrome because of its color(yellowish)?
Definition
Riboflavin (B2)
Term
Now called Riboflavin because of what in its structure?
Definition
Ribitol
Term
Riboflavin is highly sensitive to what 2 things?
Definition
Light and Alkaline conditions
Term
Riboflavin deficiencies are normally seen in what system?
Definition
Nervous system
Term
What riboflavin deficiency has enlargement of the myelin sheath (coating over nerve fibers) of sciatic nerve normally in birds?
Definition
Curled Toe Paralysis
Term
What riboflavin deficiency has inflammation of the tongue and mouth on the human side?
Definition
Ariboflavinosis
Term
Niacin deficieny pellagra has symptoms known as what 4 D's?
Definition
Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, and Death
Term
Is Niacin toxicity possible?
Definition
Possible but unlikely
Term
Niacin has been used under a physician's guidance to lower serum what?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Pantothenic acid origin comes from what Greek word which means everywhere?
Definition
Panthos
Term
What is the richest known source of pantothenic acid?
Definition
Royal jelly
Term
Pantothenic acid deficiency is seen in the nervous system because of what?
Definition
Myelin sheath (made of fat tissues)
Term
Nerve fibers are surrounded by what?
Definition
Myelin
Term
Myelin is synthesized from cholesterol which is synthesized from what?
Definition
Acetate
Term
Nerve demyelination, nausea, headaches, and general fatigue are all symptoms of what deficiency?
Definition
Pantothenic acid
Term
Nerve demyelination causes what in swine?
Definition
Goose stepping
Term
What are the 2 form of Biotin?
Definition
Biotin and Biocytin (biotin + lysine)
Term
What cleaves the lysine releasing free biotin?
Definition
Biotinidase
Term
Why is biotin deficiency seen in the skin?
Definition
decreases synthesis fat which is under skin for insulation and lubrication
Term
What are symptoms of biotin deficiencies?
Definition
Dermatitis (most common), Nausea, and Muscle pain and weakness
Term
A natural antivitamin called Advidin binds biotin and inhibits its what?
Definition
Absorption
Term
Avidin is found in what?
Definition
Raw egg whites
Term
What is the active form of pyridoxine (B6)?
Definition
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Term
Pyridoxine deficiency is primarily in what?
Definition
Nervous system
Term
What B complex vitamin is involved in all amino reactions?
Definition
Pyridoxine (B6)
Term
What B complex vitamin is closely linked with B12?
Definition
Folate
Term
Folate is comprised of what 3 molecules?
Definition
Paraaminobenzoic acid, Pteridine, and Glutamic acid
Term
If a single Glutamic acid residue is present it is in the what form?
Definition
Folic acid form
Term
Most of the folate consumed from food has more than one glutamic acid residue and these are called what?
Definition
Polyglutamate form
Term
What enzyme in the SI participates in absoption with one glutamic acid residue that is cleaved off the folate?
Definition
Conjugase
Term
Once absorbed the folate is converted to its active coenzyme form which is what?
Definition
Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA)
Term
What folate deficiency has large red blood cells too large to move through capillary beds?
Definition
Macrocytic anemia
Term
What B complex vitamin most recently discovered, only found in animal tissues, can be synthesized by bacteria, fungi and lower organisms, and absorption is complicated and stored for a period of time?
Definition
Cobalamin (B12)
Term
Prior to B12 discovery what was in all animal diets?
Definition
APF (animal protein fiber)
Term
B12 is released from food within the what?
Definition
Stomach
Term
Once B12 is released it needs to be what?
Definition
Bounded
Term
If B12 is not bounded then it is what?
Definition
Digested
Term
What does B12 need to be bounded to that is produced in the salivary glands for further absorption?
Definition
R Protein
Term
What does R protein protect B12 from?
Definition
Stomach acid
Term
R protein B12 moves to SI where what removes the R protein?
Definition
Trypsin
Term
Within the SI B12 is bound to what that is produced by the parietal cell in the stomach, which facilitates B12 absorption in the ileum?
Definition
Intrinsic factor
Term
What B complex vitamin is necessary for normal red blood cell formation through its involvement with folate, which is easily methylated, and necessary for maintenance of myelin sheaths?
Definition
B12
Term
Without the B12 a secondary folate deficiency can occur which is called?
Definition
Pernicious Anemia
Term
In ruminants, can get B12 deficiency if what is lacking?
Definition
Cobalt
Term
B12 is also necessary for normal what metabolism?
Definition
Propionate metabolism
Term
Animals and humans consuming diets with limited amounts of animal tissue are at risk of developing what vitamin deficiency?
Definition
B12
Term
What vitamin like compound can be synthesized from methionine, necessary component of acytlecholine and lecithin, widely distributed in both animal and plant tissue?
Definition
Choline
Term
What are the 2 deficiency of choline?
Definition
Poor growth and Fatty liver
Term
Choline toxicity is possible in extremely high doses and one sign is what kind of body odor?
Definition
Fishy body odor
Term
Choline deficiency can cause what leg deformity?
Definition
Straddle leg
Term
What vitamin like compound is necessary for shutting long chain fatty acids into mitochondria and synthesized from lysine and methionine?
Definition
Carnitine
Term
What vitmain like compound is a part of phosphatidylinositol found in the brain and synthesized from glucose?
Definition
Inositol
Term
What vitamin like compound is part of bile acids, involved in vision and nerve function, only found in animal tissue, and synthesized from methionine and cystine?
Definition
Taurine Amino Acid
Term
What vitamin like compound is necessary for reactions in which a carbon dioxide molecule is lost and synthesized within the body?
Definition
Lipoic acid
Term
What vitamin like compound is part of folic acid?
Definition
Para aminobenzoic acid
Term
What vitamin like compound has no recognition by the FDA?
Definition
Laetrile (B17)
Term
What vitamin like compound is rutin and hesperidin and known as vitamin P?
Definition
Bioflavonoids
Term
What vitamin like compound is known as vitamin B15?
Definition
Pangamic acid
Term
What are some examples of common nutraceuticals?
Definition
Garlic, Ginger, Sage, Caffeine
Term
What are the common nutraceuticals known as with zero regulations?
Definition
Generally Reconized As Safe (GRASS)
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