Term
| What 2 water soluble vitamins are not stored to any extent in the body tissue and kidney reabsorbs some from the blood but some escapes as well as excesses? |
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Definition
| B complex vitamins and Vitamin C |
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Term
| What vitamins must be in constant supply? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What vitamin is colorless, white crystalline compound which has strong oxidizing and reducing properties? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin was fist recognized because of its effects against what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Vitamin C is destroyed by cooking therefore must be consumed what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Loss of teeth, loss of hair, bleeding gums, skin lesions, loss of fingernails, and hemorrhages throughout the body are all symptoms of what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown of collagen synthesis |
|
|
Term
| How much of vitamin C can prevent scurvy? |
|
Definition
| 10mg/day (1 cup of orange juice = 300mg) |
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Term
| Who advocated high levels of vitamin C directly form guinea pigs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Toxicity of vitamin C is unlikely but can cause hemochromatosis which is what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Animals that require vitamin C must have a constant what? |
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Definition
| Daily supply (humans, fruit bats, guinea pig, great apes) |
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Term
| Other animals can synthesize vitamin C from what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen formation requires what 2 hydroxy groups? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 metabolic role of Vitamin C? |
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Definition
| Collagen formation, Antioxidant, and Iron absorption |
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|
Term
| Increase in kidney output increases water soluble vitamin what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Who are at high risk of deficiency? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| All animals require B complex metabolically, but only what animals have a dietary requirement? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why don't ruminants have a dietary requirement? |
|
Definition
| Microbes make B complex vitamins |
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Term
| Non ruminants do synthesize B complex in the lover GIT but not well absorbed Most escapes in the what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals that eat there feces is called what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Most B vitamins function as what in the transfer of energy? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| These co enzymes are necessary in both plant and animal and are found in highest concentration in the most what tissues? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Tissue is constantly converting what, requiring B complex vitamins as co enzymes? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active tissue in plants? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active tissue in animals? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In general, B complex deficiencies are exhibited in what 2 areas? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Source is from plant sources that are high in carbohydrates, and animals tissue (pork)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What B vitamin Source is from green vegetables, milk, and animal tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What B vitamin Source is from whole grains, wheat germ, and animal tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What B vitamin Source is from basically everything plant or animal, royal jelly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What B vitamin Source is from peanuts, cauliflower, egg yolks, cheese, and liver? |
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Definition
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Term
| What B vitamin Source is from animal tissue, green and leafy vegetables, whole grains, and royal jelly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Source is from animal tissue only? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Source is from green and leafy vegetables, orange juice, and liver? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Enriched products have added what 4 B complex vitamins? |
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Definition
| Thiamin, Nicain, Riboflavin, and Folate |
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|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is decarboxylation reactions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is oxidation reduction reactions (FAD, FMN)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is oxidation reduction reactions (NAD, NADP)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is coenzyme A? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is carboxylation reactions? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is amino acid reactions and protein synthesis? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is normal red blood cell formation associated with folate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin Function is single carbon metabolism (DNA, RNA, amino acids)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system, cardiovascular. classic sign is beriberi? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system, ariboflavinosis? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system, skin, classic sign is pellagra? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in nervous system and nerve demyelination? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in skin and dermatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in Nervous system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in pernicious anemia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B vitamin has deficiencies in macrocytic anemia |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used by British nutritionists for thiamin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What thiamin deficiency is CNS disorder of chicks? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What thiamin deficiency is cerebrocortical necrosis in cattle primarily due to converting to concentrate too rapidly? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What thiamin deficiency is muscular weakness and trembling in humans? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What thiamin deficiency is from eating polished rice? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 things are required for all functions of thiamin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme/anitvitamin inactivates thiamin and is found in certain species of fish, shrimp, clams, mussels, and also bracken fern? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| As metabolic rate increases and dietary carbohydrate increase so does the thiamin what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What B complex vitamin was first identified in milk and called lactochrome because of its color(yellowish)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Now called Riboflavin because of what in its structure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Riboflavin is highly sensitive to what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Light and Alkaline conditions |
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|
Term
| Riboflavin deficiencies are normally seen in what system? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What riboflavin deficiency has enlargement of the myelin sheath (coating over nerve fibers) of sciatic nerve normally in birds? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What riboflavin deficiency has inflammation of the tongue and mouth on the human side? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin deficieny pellagra has symptoms known as what 4 D's? |
|
Definition
| Diarrhea, Dermatitis, Dementia, and Death |
|
|
Term
| Is Niacin toxicity possible? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Niacin has been used under a physician's guidance to lower serum what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic acid origin comes from what Greek word which means everywhere? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the richest known source of pantothenic acid? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Pantothenic acid deficiency is seen in the nervous system because of what? |
|
Definition
| Myelin sheath (made of fat tissues) |
|
|
Term
| Nerve fibers are surrounded by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myelin is synthesized from cholesterol which is synthesized from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve demyelination, nausea, headaches, and general fatigue are all symptoms of what deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nerve demyelination causes what in swine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 form of Biotin? |
|
Definition
| Biotin and Biocytin (biotin + lysine) |
|
|
Term
| What cleaves the lysine releasing free biotin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is biotin deficiency seen in the skin? |
|
Definition
| decreases synthesis fat which is under skin for insulation and lubrication |
|
|
Term
| What are symptoms of biotin deficiencies? |
|
Definition
| Dermatitis (most common), Nausea, and Muscle pain and weakness |
|
|
Term
| A natural antivitamin called Advidin binds biotin and inhibits its what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the active form of pyridoxine (B6)? |
|
Definition
| Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP) |
|
|
Term
| Pyridoxine deficiency is primarily in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B complex vitamin is involved in all amino reactions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B complex vitamin is closely linked with B12? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Folate is comprised of what 3 molecules? |
|
Definition
| Paraaminobenzoic acid, Pteridine, and Glutamic acid |
|
|
Term
| If a single Glutamic acid residue is present it is in the what form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most of the folate consumed from food has more than one glutamic acid residue and these are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme in the SI participates in absoption with one glutamic acid residue that is cleaved off the folate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once absorbed the folate is converted to its active coenzyme form which is what? |
|
Definition
| Tetrahydrofolic acid (THFA) |
|
|
Term
| What folate deficiency has large red blood cells too large to move through capillary beds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B complex vitamin most recently discovered, only found in animal tissues, can be synthesized by bacteria, fungi and lower organisms, and absorption is complicated and stored for a period of time? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to B12 discovery what was in all animal diets? |
|
Definition
| APF (animal protein fiber) |
|
|
Term
| B12 is released from food within the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once B12 is released it needs to be what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If B12 is not bounded then it is what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does B12 need to be bounded to that is produced in the salivary glands for further absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does R protein protect B12 from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| R protein B12 moves to SI where what removes the R protein? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within the SI B12 is bound to what that is produced by the parietal cell in the stomach, which facilitates B12 absorption in the ileum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What B complex vitamin is necessary for normal red blood cell formation through its involvement with folate, which is easily methylated, and necessary for maintenance of myelin sheaths? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Without the B12 a secondary folate deficiency can occur which is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In ruminants, can get B12 deficiency if what is lacking? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| B12 is also necessary for normal what metabolism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals and humans consuming diets with limited amounts of animal tissue are at risk of developing what vitamin deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound can be synthesized from methionine, necessary component of acytlecholine and lecithin, widely distributed in both animal and plant tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 deficiency of choline? |
|
Definition
| Poor growth and Fatty liver |
|
|
Term
| Choline toxicity is possible in extremely high doses and one sign is what kind of body odor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Choline deficiency can cause what leg deformity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound is necessary for shutting long chain fatty acids into mitochondria and synthesized from lysine and methionine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitmain like compound is a part of phosphatidylinositol found in the brain and synthesized from glucose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound is part of bile acids, involved in vision and nerve function, only found in animal tissue, and synthesized from methionine and cystine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound is necessary for reactions in which a carbon dioxide molecule is lost and synthesized within the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound is part of folic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound has no recognition by the FDA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound is rutin and hesperidin and known as vitamin P? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What vitamin like compound is known as vitamin B15? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of common nutraceuticals? |
|
Definition
| Garlic, Ginger, Sage, Caffeine |
|
|
Term
| What are the common nutraceuticals known as with zero regulations? |
|
Definition
| Generally Reconized As Safe (GRASS) |
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