Term
| What vitamin deficiency was one of the first nutritionally related diseases to be discovered? |
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Definition
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Term
| Egyptians recognized vitamin A deficiency as what that used raw liver squeezing juices on the eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants contain carotenoids which can be destroyed by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Plants contain carotenoids to harvest photons of light and what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents photodynamic damage from oxygen molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most potent carotenoid that is converted in the liver and intestinal cells to vitamin A? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are come sources of carotenoids? |
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Definition
| Darkgreen Oragen colored fruits and vegetables |
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Term
| If roughages are green..... |
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Definition
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Term
| Animals do not synthesize what vitamin thus it has to present in the diet? |
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Definition
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Term
| Most animal diets are supplemented with what vitamin A? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of vitamin A is known as the alcohol form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of vitamin A is known as the Aldehyde form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of vitamin A is known as the acid form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of vitamin A is known as the supplement form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 function of vitamin A? |
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Definition
| Vision, Cell growth and differentiation, Immunity, and Antioxidants |
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Term
| Within the retina of the eye there are what 2 cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What retina cell is not color sensitive but light sensitive and contain millions of molecules of rhodopsin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What retina cell is color sensitive and require lots of light? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a pigment in the rod cells that absorbs photons of light? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rhodopsin is made from what protein and vitamin in the form retinal? |
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Definition
| Opsin protein and Vitamin A |
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Term
| What vitamin A function is primary function of retinoic acid? |
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Definition
| Cell growth and differentiation |
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Term
| What regulates gene expression and thus the production, structure and function of epithelial cells in the lungs, trachea, skin and GIT? |
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Definition
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Term
| Retinoic acid is essential for the formation and maintenance of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin A function assists with cell mediated and antibody mediated responses, growth and differentiation of beta lymphocytes, and maintenance of epithelial tissues and mucus production? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carotenoid action and vitamin A function is not yet proven in humans, decreases chance of cataracts and macular degeneration, certain cancers, and cardiovascular diseases? |
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Definition
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Term
| Xerophthalmia, follicular hyperkeratosis, and dermatitis are all are from what? |
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Definition
| Vitamin A deficiency and Insufficient mucus production |
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Term
| Vitamin A deficiency can have poor growth and differentiation of what tissues? |
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Definition
| Epithelial, Nervous tissue, and Bone |
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Term
| What is a possible vitamin A toxicity that can cause headaches, blurred vision, incoordination, dry skin, hair loss, birth defects, and abortion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin A is water soluble or fat soluble? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin is the most potent steroid vitamin known? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D is necessary for normal calcium and phosphorus metabolism as well as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| In vitamin D has what 2 forms from provitamins? |
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Definition
| Plant form and Animal form |
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Term
| What vitamin D provitamin form has ergosterol which is referred to vitamin D2, not utilized by birds, well utilized by cattle, swine, sheep and humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin D provitamin form has 7 dehydrocholesterol, synthesis from cholesterol in the skin, SI cells and lover, referred to vitamin D3 and well utilized by all species? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D affects 3 different tissues in an attempt to maintain blood calcium level.. why? |
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Definition
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Term
| The provitamin forms must first be what before vitmain D can carry out its function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ regulates Vitamin D in provitamin animal form? |
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Definition
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Term
| The active form of vitamin D affect what 3 tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue that is affected by active form of vitamin D along with parathyroid hormone causes calcium mobilization causing bone mobilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue that is affected by active form of vitamin D acts like a hormone yo stimulate synthesis of calcium binding protein which increases gut absorption of calcium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What tissue that is affected by active form of vitamin D increases gut absorption of calcium from tubules? |
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Definition
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Term
| Bowing of the long bones in legs caused by bones growing but not mineralizing and beading along the ribs are symptoms of what? |
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Definition
| Rickets (vitamin D deficiency) |
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Term
| What vitamin D deficiency is a loss of bone mineral per unit of bone matrix , skeletal has not changed but mineral changed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin D deficiency is a loss of total bone mass with normal ratio of mineral to matrix (entire skeletal)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D works in concert with what to prevent bone loss? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 example of possible vitamin D deficiency in livestock industry? |
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Definition
| Milk fever in dairy cows and Decrease in egg production (soft shell) |
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Term
| All the vitamin D deficiencies can be caused of what other 2 things? |
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Definition
| Low Calcium or Phosphorous |
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Term
| When producing bone what is needed first? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the best source of vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 sources of vitamin D for indoor animals where sunlight is unavailable? |
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Definition
| Fish liver oils, Liver, Suncured hays, and Irradiated Yeast |
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Term
| Vitamin D toxicity is what in humans and other animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animal are much more vulnerable to changes in blood calcium than other species? |
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Definition
| Rats and Mice (calcifies vascular system) |
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Term
| Who discovered vitamin E? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin was found that rancid lard fed to rats interrupted reproduction? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin E was first isolated from wheat germ oil and the compound isolated was what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Several tocopherols exist in nature bu the most potent is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| D Alpha tocopherol comprises what percent of the tocopherols found in animal tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tocopherol found in plants because plants synthesis highly unsaturated fatty acids and the tocopherol act as a what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin E works in concert with what to protect call membranes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin E works within the lipid bilayer of the cell and accepts oxygen radicals preventing the formation of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glutathione Peroxidase works in the cytoplasm with what as a Co factor to destroy peroxides that form? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cell has 2 lines of defense to prevent peroxidation of what 2 things? |
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Definition
| Intracellular organelles and Membranes |
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Term
| What vitamin E deficiency has edemas due to leaky cells (cell breakdown)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin E deficiency has hemorrhages and edema in the brain, referred as Crazy chick disease, because of chicken rapid growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin E deficiency is neuromuscular disorder and can be hereditary or nutritional? |
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Definition
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Term
| Deficiency sign of vitamin E can lead to what? |
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Definition
| Reproductive failure, Muscle degeneration, Membrane damage, Kidney degeneration, and Necrosis of the liver |
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Term
| Vitamin E can do what for meat products? |
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Definition
| Increase shelf life (keeps color) |
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Term
| What vitamin was found to be a fat soluble substance present in green leaves and certain vegetables? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered vitamin K? |
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Definition
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Term
| A deficiency of vitamin K caused an increase in what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin K was named after what danish word for blood clotting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What compound that has vitamin K activity is found in plants and is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What compound that has vitamin K activity is found in fish oils and meat and synthesized by intestinal bacteria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What compound that has vitamin K activity is synthetic form and known as vitamin supplements? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is vitamin K primary function? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are vitamin K 2 secondary functions? |
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Definition
| Calcium binding and Synthesis of Bone |
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Term
| What is the blood cloting process of external damage to tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the blood cloting process for inside the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both blood cloting processes get to what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin K makes it possible for Prothrombin to turn into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What deficiency increases blood cloting time and internal hemorrhages which new borns are at greatest risk? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can vitamin K toxicity occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Certain feedstuff contain Anticoagulants such as moldy sweetclover which contains what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some Anticoagulants used for medicinal purposes? |
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Definition
| Heparin, EDTA (bind up all calcium), Citrate (bind up all calcium) and Coumarin (blood thinner) |
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