Term
| What is a complex organic compound of high molecular weight which contain C, H, O, N, S (organic polymers)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes proteins different? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each species of animal and each tissue in that animal has its own specific kind of protein. Function is the same but what is different? |
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Definition
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Term
| Kidneys try to get rid of excess nitrogen which then ends up in the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who determines nitrogen is essential for dogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who coined the word protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who developed the procedure to analyze for nitrogen that is still used today? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1890 how many amino acids have been identified? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who published the first paper on amino acid necessity? |
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Definition
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Term
| In 1930 how many amino acids have been identified? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who discovered threonine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who embarked on determining essential amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many common amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the building blocks of protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| All amino acids contain what 2 groups? |
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Definition
| Amino group and Carboxyl group |
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Term
| How many essential and non essential amino acids are there in each group? |
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Definition
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Term
| Phenylalanine, Valine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Histidine, Arginine, Lysine, and Leucine are all what kind of amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the essential amino acids what 2 amino acids have a ring structure? |
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Definition
| Phenylalanine and Tryptophan |
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Term
| In the essential amino acids what 3 amino acids have a branched group (chain)? |
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Definition
| Valine, Isoleucine, and Leucine |
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Term
| In the essential amino acids what 3 amino acids have and extra amino group (basic)? |
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Definition
| Histidine, Arginine, and Lysine |
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Term
| Alanine, Glycine, Serine, Cysteine, Tyrosine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid, and Proline are all what kind of amino acids? |
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Definition
| Non Essential Amino Acids |
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Term
| What are the 4 sources of Non Essential amino acids? |
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Definition
| Synthesis, Transamination, Diet, and Protein turnover |
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Term
| What source of non essential animo acids uses one amino acid and makes a different amino acid out of it? |
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Definition
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Term
| In most non ruminant animals what amino acid is the most limiting? |
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Definition
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Term
| Of essential amino acid in dietary protein, the amino acid in the least amount in relation to the animals needs is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acids are found under the basic amino acid classification? |
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Definition
| Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine |
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Term
| What amino acids are found under the acidic amino acid classification? |
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Definition
| Glutamic acid and Aspartic acid |
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Term
| What amino acids are found under the aromatic AA classification? |
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Definition
| Tyrosine, Phenyalanine, and Tryptophan |
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Term
| What amino acids are found under the branched chain AA classification? |
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Definition
| Valine, Leucine, and Isoleucine |
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Term
| What amino acids are found under the sulfur containing AA classification? |
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Definition
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Term
| What other amino acids of proteins are found in collagen synthesis? |
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Definition
| Hydroxyproline and Hydroxylysine |
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Term
| Where are the molecular blueprints found in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomal DNA contains what in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the 1st step in protein synthesis that takes place in the nucleus where chromosomal DNA transcribes the protein code into mRNA? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is step 2 in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 steps in translation? |
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Definition
| Initiation, Elongation, and Termination |
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Term
| What translation step is mRNA leaves the nucleus and attaches itself to a ribsome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What translation step is mRNA decoded, tRNA carries the amino acids and inserts them? |
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Definition
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Term
| What translation step is final amino acid placed (stopped by a stop codon), the protein is released from the ribsome (peptide bond b/w amino + carboxyl group)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 levels of protein structures? |
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Definition
| Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary |
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Term
| This protein structure is read left to right, has a N terminal (amino group) and C terminal (carboxyl group), all proteins have this and known as peptide bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein structure has alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, and triple helix? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of alpha helix in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of beta pleated sheet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of triple helix in the body? |
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Definition
| Tendons, Ligaments, Collagen, Connective tissue |
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Term
| What is needed for hydroxylation of amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein structure has hydrogen bonds, sulfur bonds, sulfur bridges, salt linkages b/w basic and acidic amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shape is important for what 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
| What protein structure has bonding similar to tertiary and an example is hemoglobin molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 ways to classify proteins? |
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Definition
| Composition and Conformation |
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Term
| Composition has what 2 types? |
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Definition
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Term
| What composition is when hydrolyzed yield only free amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What composition is when hydrolyzed yield free amino acids plus a prosthetic group such as lipid, sugar, or mineral? |
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Definition
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Term
| Conformation has what 2 types? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conformation is insoluble in water and examples are keratin, elastin, collagen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conformation is soluble in water and examples are albumin, hemoglobin, enzymes, and hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| The ability of the food protein to meet the animals requirement for amino acids is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 2 ways is protein quality measured? |
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Definition
| Animal trials and Wet chemistry |
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Term
| Biological value, nitrogen balance, Net protein utilization (NPU), Protein efficiency ratio (PER), Net protein ratio (NPR), and Slope ratio assay are what kind measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| What animal trials are used more for human protein quality? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical score is known as what measured protein quality test? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical score is based on how many amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| EAAI is based on the composition of all what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the standard reference protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| Essential amino acid index is better than chemical score why? |
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Definition
| Does all amino acids rather then 1, but has the same limitations as wet chemistry |
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Term
| What are the wet chemistry limitations? |
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Definition
| Doesn't tell amount digested or absorbed |
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Term
| In non ruminant protein digestion it begins in the stomach, however gastric digestion is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 enzymes involved in non ruminant protein digestion? |
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Definition
| Pepsinogen, Gelatinase, and Rennin |
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Term
| Pepsinogen is the inactive form that is converted to what by HCL that makes it active? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| In the non ruminant digestion of proteins majority of protein digestion takes place where? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 locations enzymes are produced? |
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Definition
| Pancreas, SI cells, Intracellular enzymes |
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Term
| Pancreatic enzymes are released as what that means they are inactive? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the non ruminant protein digestion the enzyme trypsinogen is activated by the action of an enteropeptidase called enterokinase and the result is trypsin which is what? |
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Definition
| Autocatalytic (can convert other enzymes from active form to inactive form) |
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Term
| What non ruminant pancreatic enzyme cleaves bonds in which the basic amino adics donate the carboxyl group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non ruminant pancreatic enzyme cleave bonds in which the aromatic amino acids donate the carboxyl group? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non ruminant pancreatic enzyme has a broad specificity concerning amino acids but is specific for elastin fibers? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non ruminant pancreatic enzyme follows the action of chymotrypsin and cleaves the aromatic amino acids from the C terminal end? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non ruminant pancreatic enzyme follows the action of trypsin and cleaves lysine and arginine from the C terminal end? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trypsin will always cleave what in the C terminal peptide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Trypsin always cleaves what 3 basic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Lysine, Arginine, and Histidine |
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Term
| Chymotrypsin cleaves what 3 aromatic amino acids? |
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Definition
| Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, and Tryptophan |
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Term
| What are 3 non ruminant brush border enzymes? |
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Definition
| Aminopeptidase, Dipeptidase, Tripeptidase |
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Term
| What non ruminant brush border enzyme cleaves amino acids from the N terminal end? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non ruminant brush border enzyme cleaves dipeptides? |
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Definition
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Term
| What non ruminant brush border enzyme cleaves tripeptides? |
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Definition
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Term
| We have several intracellular peptidases that cleave dipeptides and tripeptides that ar absorbed at what percentage? |
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Definition
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Term
| In ruminant protien digestion protein found within the Si of the ruminant are from what 2 sources? |
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Definition
| By Pass and Microbial (gets most protein) |
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Term
| The by pass of the ruminat is dietary protein that is what by the rumen microbes that is refered to as RUP? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is digested and absorbed similar to a non ruminant in the true stomach and SI of that animal? |
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Definition
| RUP(rumen undegratable protein) |
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Term
| In the ruminant what is an excellent source of protein? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is microbial protein? |
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Definition
| Protein made by the microbes |
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Term
| What is an important source of nitrogen fro micrboes, unique to ruminant, waste product for non ruminant? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is urea in the ruminant recycled? |
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Definition
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Term
| In both ruminant and non ruminant, most proteins are absorbed as what? |
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Definition
| Dipeptides or Tripeptides (70%) |
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Term
| In both ruminant and non ruminant the remaining 30% is absorbed as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 free amino acid absorption pathways? |
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Definition
| Acidic, Basic, Neutral, and Lmino/Glycine |
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Term
| All theses free amino acid pathways require active absorption and what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid donates its structure and examples are purines, glutathione? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid donates its structure and examples are purines, pyrimidines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid is used primary methyl donor (detox)? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid is the precursor of taurine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acide is involved in moods, in milk and turkey that makes you tired, and contains serotonin, niacin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid caontians melanin, epinephrine, norepinrphrine, and thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid rection makes non essential amino acids? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid rection generates to other amino acid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What amino acid rection breaks down amino acids to use carbon skeleton for something else? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carbon skeleton can make glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carbon skeleton cannot be used to male glucose and is stored as fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carbon skeleton can both be made to glucose and stored as fat? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mammals excrete nitrogen as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Aquatic species excrete nitrogen as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Birds and reptiles excrete nitrogen as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea takes place in the what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea is excreted through what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Urea takes a lot of what 2 things? |
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Definition
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Term
| I molecule of urea has how many amino groups? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the collection point in the urea cycle? |
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Definition
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