Term
| What is a water insoluble components of cells that can be extracted from the cell by non polar solvents chloroform, benzene, and ether? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids are composed of C,H,O with a what percentage of C and H than present in carbohydrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are lipids so energy dense? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 most common animal/vegetable lipid sources used in animal food? |
|
Definition
| Choice white grease (lard/pork), Poultry fat, and Yellow grease (restaurants) |
|
|
Term
| In animal/vegetable lipid sources the energy is how many times more then the energy of carbohydrates or proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is animal/vegetable lipid sources used? |
|
Definition
| Increase energy density of diet |
|
|
Term
| In what situation might we use animal/vegetable lipid sources? |
|
Definition
| Summer (higher temp and humidity), animals don't eat as much so give more calories. |
|
|
Term
| Animal/vegetable lipid sources improve palability, improves the manufacturing of pellets, and improves what 2 things of the diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serves as a binder like lipids in feed diets? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can reduce dustiness of diets and reduces machinery wear? |
|
Definition
| Animal/vegetable lipid sources |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 classifications of lipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The classification of complex lipids are known as what that are salts of fatty acids upon alkaline hydrolysis and yield soap? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 complex saponifiable lipids? |
|
Definition
| Acylglycerols and Phosphoglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What is an ester of glycerol that is solid at room temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an ester of glycerol that is liquid at room temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines whether a acylgylcerol is a fat or an oil? |
|
Definition
| Double bonds and chain lengths |
|
|
Term
| What is the backbone for acylglycerols? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most lipids are found as what triglyceride? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the back bone for phospholipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Simple lipid classification are known as what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 simple non saponifiable lipids? |
|
Definition
| Steroids, Prostaglandins, and Terpense |
|
|
Term
| Physical and chemical characteristics of most dietary lipids are determind by the # of what atoms in the fatty acids and the # of what double bonds? |
|
Definition
| carbon and carbon carbon bonds |
|
|
Term
| What are hydrocarbons with an acid radical? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Majority of lipids are of what chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Short chain fatty acids are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Medium chain fatty acids are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long chain fatty acids are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 short chain fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Acetic (2C), Propionic (3C), and Butyric (4C) |
|
|
Term
| Short chain fatty acids have what type of melting point that makes them liquid at room temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Long chain fatty acids have what type of melting point that makes them solid at room temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more carbons a fatty acid has the what the melting point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caproic has how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Caprylic has how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stearic has how many carbons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more double bonds a fatty acid has the what the melting point? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Palmitic has how many carbons and how many double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Palmitoleic has how many carbons and how many double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic are all fatty acids found in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oleic has how many carbons and how many double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linoleic has how many carbons and how many double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Linolenic has how many carbons and how many double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arachidonic has how many carbons and how many double bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Double bonds do what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Make a FA very reactive and Decrease melting point |
|
|
Term
| Saturated fats are different from unsaturated fats because of what? |
|
Definition
| Saturated fats don't have DBs |
|
|
Term
| Plant oils dont last long at room temperature because they are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animal fat last longer at room temperature because they are what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 fatty acids are good energy sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are fatty acids called when they can not be formed by the animals body and must therefore be in the animals diet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 essential fatty acids? |
|
Definition
| Linoleic and Linolenic (mainly in fish) |
|
|
Term
| What are very in maintaing cell membrane structure, capillary wall integrity, lubrication of the skin, and prostaglandin production? |
|
Definition
| Essential fatty acids (EFA) |
|
|
Term
| What are some Omega 3 fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some Omega 6 fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an Omega 9 fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fatty acid is a common name for unsaturated fatty acids with a trans-isomer and are rare in living nature, but can occur in food production process? |
|
Definition
| Trans Fats (not used for energy) |
|
|
Term
| The cell membrane structure of lipids are made of what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Phospholipid and Cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| Where is phospholipids made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is cholesterol made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The membrane surrounding a living cell defines the extent of the cell and maintains a what with the cells environment? |
|
Definition
| Equilibrium with the cells environment |
|
|
Term
| Certain compounds don't diffuse through the membrane, but are pumped into or out of the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To function properly the cell must display what 2 requirements? |
|
Definition
| Closed vessels and Sideness |
|
|
Term
| Phospholipids and glycolipids are on the outside of the plasma membrane, while cholesterol and proteins are on the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plants have an additional membrane made up of what 3 things? |
|
Definition
| Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin |
|
|
Term
| Animal cells have how many cell membranes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 molecular constituents that comprise the cell membrane? |
|
Definition
| Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates |
|
|
Term
| What are responsible for the structural integrity of the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each membrane lipid is what that makes one part hydrophobic (tail) and one part hydrophlicic (head)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What form are lipids in nature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 3 dietary lipid forms? |
|
Definition
| Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, and Triglycerides |
|
|
Term
| What lipid form is 95% of all lipids found in the body are in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What bond has to be broken to use triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a fat soluble vitamin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comes from animal tissue and not from plants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)? |
|
Definition
| Naturally occurring trans fatty acid |
|
|
Term
| What decreases incidence and proliferation of tumors, decreases LDL cholesterol and made from ruminant products and synthetic sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 1 of lipid synthesis glucose goes to acetyl CoA which goes to citrate, which is then passed to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 2 of lipid synthesis citrate is cleaved in cytoplasm to oxaloacetate and what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 3 of lipid synthesis formation of what begins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 4 of lipid synthesis what is added to malonyl-CoA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 5 of lipid synthesis its condenses with a 2 carbon what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 8 is once again what by NADPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 8 is once again what by NADPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 8 is once again what by NADPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 8 is once again what by NADPH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the oxygen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 8 is once again what by NADPH to get rid of the DB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Step 9 of lipid synthesis the pervious compound combines with another malonyl s acp and the cycle what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in fat or oil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The more DB a fat or oil contains the higher or loser the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What works by blocking enzyme (rare limiting enzyme) in the liver that helps with cholesterol control? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non ruminant lipid digestion begins in the mouth with lingual lipase and then goes to the what that has gastric lipase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After the stomach non ruminant lipid digestion goes to the SI that releases what? |
|
Definition
| CCK (will slow gastric motility, allowing for adequate digestion of lipids) |
|
|
Term
| In the SI in non ruminant lipid digestion bile from the gall bladder that causes what? |
|
Definition
| Emulsification (breaking into tiny particles) (increases surface area allowing digestion) |
|
|
Term
| Bile from the gall bladder used in non ruminant lipid digestion is only stored here, where is it made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, phoshpolipases, and procolipase all assit with lipid digestion in the SI of the non ruminant and are enzymes released from what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant work on triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant works on cholesterol? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant work on phospholipids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant is the glue that allows the other enzymes to work on there substrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Enzymes are hydrophobic or hydrophilic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What acts at the water lipid interface to allow contact of lipid with enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pancreatic lipase cleaves what from the 1&3 positions in a chain which results in a monoglyceride and 2FFA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Phospholipase cleave the different what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When FFA and monoglycerides are still hydrophobic what formation occurs? |
|
Definition
| Micelle formation (bile acids very important) |
|
|
Term
| Micelle is composed of what 2 groups? |
|
Definition
| Porlar groups (phosphorylcholine) and Non polar groups (bile acids, cholesterol, lipids) |
|
|
Term
| What is a single layer that holds lipids inside in which the formation is essential for absorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids pass how through the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the non ruminant SI cell triglycerides have to be broken down and remade why? |
|
Definition
| Size to large to pass through membrane |
|
|
Term
| In the non ruminant SI cell what transports lipids out of the cell and into the lymphatic system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When transporting out of the SI cell Chylomicrons transport to the lymphatic system, while short/medium chain fatty acids transport to the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ruminant gut of lipid digestion microbes attack lipids releasing what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ruminant gut of lipid digestion microbes use what as a backbone for energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the ruminant gut of lipid digestion high concentrations of hydrogen ions do what to most of all FFAs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animal is missing the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ruminant SI cell has to start from scratch to make what and is more energy expensive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids travel in the body from place to place wrapped in protein coats called what? |
|
Definition
| Lipoproteins (carried by chylomicron) |
|
|
Term
| Most dietary lipids will travel by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system is an open system which allows fluid outside the vascular system which is known as what, and returned to the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proteins that leak out into the intersitial fluid must be returned to the vascular system or a hypertonic fluid would result and the cell would what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lymphatic system is analogous to a what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, and HDL are five main what in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The five main lipoprotiens are disposed of by the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What main lipoprotein is synthesized in SI and mostly triglycerides? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What main lipoprotein is synthesized in the liver and transports lipid to other tissues, 50-65% triglyceride? |
|
Definition
| VLDL (very low density lipoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| What main lipoprotein is formed from catabolism of VLDL and contains mostly cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| LDL (low density lipoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| What main lipoprotein is formed from catabolism of VLDL? |
|
Definition
| IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| What main lipoprotein is synthesized in SI and liver, facilitates VLDL and chylomicron catabolism? |
|
Definition
| HDL (high density lipoprotein) |
|
|
Term
| Depot fat is formed from ingesting what 2 things? |
|
Definition
| Fat and Carbohydrates or proteins |
|
|
Term
| Depot fat of non ruminants is influenced by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dietary fat has little influence on the depot fat of ruminants why? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Yes every 3-4 weeks its turned over, used, and replaced |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of rancidity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fatty acids are most susceptible to rancidity? |
|
Definition
| Unsaturated fatty acids (oxidative rancidity) |
|
|
Term
| Which rancidity is non toxic and breaks ester bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which rancidity decreases the energy value of a lipid and is toxic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When feeding unsaturated diets you are likely to add what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When diets contain polyunsaturated fatty acids what are then used? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| BHT, BHA, Santoguin and ethoxyquin are all examples of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 primary lipid tissues? |
|
Definition
| Liver, Adipose, and Mammary |
|
|
Term
| The major site of De Novo lipid synthesis is what dependent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis in the adipose, some in liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis only in adipose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis has it in the liver (fatty liver syndrome)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis has it in the adipose and some in liver, similar to rats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lipids are formed from excesses of what? |
|
Definition
| Carbohydrates and proteins |
|
|
Term
| Lipid synthesis occurs in the cytosol or mitochondria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 carbon compound is the FA made from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What substrate is used to reduce the fatty acid as it being made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Animals want what kind of energy sources? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most animal lipids are saturated and most plant lipids are monounsaturated or what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the metabolic triangle carbohydrate can go to protein or lipid and protein can go to carbohydrate or lipid, what can lipid go to? |
|
Definition
| Nothing, once a lipid cant go back |
|
|
Term
| What is a lipid compound classified as a sterol and was first isolated in gall stones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl coA ans synthesis occurs mainly in the what and gut? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the precursor for other lipid compounds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is the precursor of what 4 compounds? |
|
Definition
| Steroid hormones, Bile acids, Vitamin D, and Adrenal corticoids |
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is found in all what cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cholesterol is concentrated in what 4 places? |
|
Definition
| Brain, Spinal cord, Skin secretions, and Gall stones |
|
|
Term
| What is absolutely essential to the survival of the body, there fore it is regulated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If sufficient quantities are being consumed the body will normally what synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do people have elevated serum cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| Serum level have decreased over the years |
|
|
Term
| What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis? |
|
Definition
| Hydroxymethyl-Glytral CoA Reductase |
|
|
Term
| In some people the rate limiting enzyme is not regulated and thus what serum cholesterol occurs? |
|
Definition
| Elevated serum cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors known to influence cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| Age, Gender, Diet, Race, Body weight, Smoking |
|
|
Term
| In step 1 of fat mobilization hormone sensitive lipase in adipocyte activate by what? |
|
Definition
| Epinephrine and glucagon (primary activator) |
|
|
Term
| In step 2 of fate mobilization hormone sensitive lipase cleaves triglycerides with the assistance of what? |
|
Definition
| Monoglyceride lipase (3 FFA and glycerol) |
|
|
Term
| In step 3 of fat mobilization FFA (NEFA)are carried by the blood proteins (albumin) to the liver, muscle, while glycerol travels freely in the blood to the what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does NEFA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Non Essential Fatty Acid (no ester bond) |
|
|
Term
| Glycerol is used to produce what in the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 4 of fat mobilization glycerol will be metabolized through the what cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 5 of fat mobilization what kind of oxidation of the fatty acids occurs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 1 of beta oxidation formation of fatty acid acyl CoA occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and requires what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 2 of beta oxidation formation of acyl carnitine and transfer of fatty acid acyl CoA into the mitochondria requires what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shuttles long chain fatty acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 3 of beta oxidation dehydrogenation of the fatty acid acyl CoA generates what? |
|
Definition
| 1 FADH (intermediate energy) |
|
|
Term
| In step 4 of beta oxidation hydration of the fatty acid acyl CoA by adding what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In step 5 of beta oxidation dehydrogenation of the fatty acid acyl CoA generates what? |
|
Definition
| 1 NADH, H (3 potential energy) |
|
|
Term
| In step 6 of beta oxidation what enzyme claves an acetyl CoA from the fatty acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the # of carbons are divided by 2 what do you get? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the # of Acetyl CoA is subtracted by 1 you get what? |
|
Definition
| # of Turns of Beta oxidation |
|
|
Term
| When the # of carbons are multiplied by the # of Acetyl CoA you get what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When (# of Acetly CoA x # of ATP from Acetyl CoA) + (# of turns of beta oxidation x # of ATP in turns of beta oxidation) you get what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 causes of ketosis (lack of glucose)? |
|
Definition
| Starvation, Hypoglycemia, and Milk production |
|
|
Term
| In ketosis where does all the fat go? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the problem with all the fat going to the liver? |
|
Definition
| No place for the Acetyl CoA to go |
|
|
Term
| Condensation of the Acetyl CoA produces what 3 ketone bodies? |
|
Definition
| Acetoacetic acid, Beta hydroxy butric acid, and Acetone |
|
|
Term
| Tissues such as liver, muscle, mammary, and adipose can use some of the ketone bodes but what is the problem? |
|
Definition
| Ketone production is greater then Ketone use |
|
|
Term
| Because ketones are acids the can cause what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does Metabolic acidosis do? |
|
Definition
| Lowers blood pH and Reduces oxygen carrying capacity |
|
|
Term
| What is the end result of unchecked ketosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Who is most susceptible to ketosis? |
|
Definition
| Pregnant ewes (carrier of triplets) and High producing dairy cows |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment of ketosis? |
|
Definition
| Ca Gluconate (IV so microbes don't get it) |
|
|
Term
| What is the best prevention of ketosis? |
|
Definition
| More grain (more proprionate/ more glucose) |
|
|
