Shared Flashcard Set

Details

ANS 3440 Lipids
Everything about Lipids
211
Agriculture
Undergraduate 3
02/22/2014

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is a water insoluble components of cells that can be extracted from the cell by non polar solvents chloroform, benzene, and ether?
Definition
Lipids
Term
Lipids are composed of C,H,O with a what percentage of C and H than present in carbohydrates?
Definition
Higher %
Term
Why are lipids so energy dense?
Definition
Very little oxygen
Term
What are the 3 most common animal/vegetable lipid sources used in animal food?
Definition
Choice white grease (lard/pork), Poultry fat, and Yellow grease (restaurants)
Term
In animal/vegetable lipid sources the energy is how many times more then the energy of carbohydrates or proteins?
Definition
2.25 times more
Term
Why is animal/vegetable lipid sources used?
Definition
Increase energy density of diet
Term
In what situation might we use animal/vegetable lipid sources?
Definition
Summer (higher temp and humidity), animals don't eat as much so give more calories.
Term
Animal/vegetable lipid sources improve palability, improves the manufacturing of pellets, and improves what 2 things of the diet?
Definition
Color and Texture
Term
What serves as a binder like lipids in feed diets?
Definition
Molasses
Term
What can reduce dustiness of diets and reduces machinery wear?
Definition
Animal/vegetable lipid sources
Term
What are the 2 classifications of lipids?
Definition
Complex and Simple
Term
The classification of complex lipids are known as what that are salts of fatty acids upon alkaline hydrolysis and yield soap?
Definition
Saponifiable
Term
What are 2 complex saponifiable lipids?
Definition
Acylglycerols and Phosphoglycerides
Term
What is an ester of glycerol that is solid at room temperature?
Definition
Fats
Term
What is an ester of glycerol that is liquid at room temperature?
Definition
Oils
Term
What determines whether a acylgylcerol is a fat or an oil?
Definition
Double bonds and chain lengths
Term
What is the backbone for acylglycerols?
Definition
Glycerol
Term
Most lipids are found as what triglyceride?
Definition
Glycerol
Term
What is the back bone for phospholipids?
Definition
Glycerol 3-P
Term
Simple lipid classification are known as what?
Definition
Non saponifiable
Term
What are 3 simple non saponifiable lipids?
Definition
Steroids, Prostaglandins, and Terpense
Term
Physical and chemical characteristics of most dietary lipids are determind by the # of what atoms in the fatty acids and the # of what double bonds?
Definition
carbon and carbon carbon bonds
Term
What are hydrocarbons with an acid radical?
Definition
Fatty acids
Term
Majority of lipids are of what chain?
Definition
Long chain
Term
Short chain fatty acids are what?
Definition
2-4 carbons
Term
Medium chain fatty acids are what?
Definition
6-10 carbons
Term
Long chain fatty acids are what?
Definition
12-26 carbons
Term
What are 3 short chain fatty acids?
Definition
Acetic (2C), Propionic (3C), and Butyric (4C)
Term
Short chain fatty acids have what type of melting point that makes them liquid at room temperature?
Definition
Lower melting point
Term
Long chain fatty acids have what type of melting point that makes them solid at room temperature?
Definition
Higher melting point
Term
The more carbons a fatty acid has the what the melting point?
Definition
higher the melting point
Term
Caproic has how many carbons?
Definition
6
Term
Caprylic has how many carbons?
Definition
8
Term
Stearic has how many carbons?
Definition
18
Term
The more double bonds a fatty acid has the what the melting point?
Definition
lower the melting point
Term
Palmitic has how many carbons and how many double bonds?
Definition
16 C and 0 DB
Term
Palmitoleic has how many carbons and how many double bonds?
Definition
16 C and 1 DB
Term
Stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic are all fatty acids found in what?
Definition
Fats and Oils
Term
Oleic has how many carbons and how many double bonds?
Definition
18 C and 1 DB
Term
Linoleic has how many carbons and how many double bonds?
Definition
18 C and 2 DB
Term
Linolenic has how many carbons and how many double bonds?
Definition
18 C and 3 DB
Term
Arachidonic has how many carbons and how many double bonds?
Definition
20 C and 4 DB
Term
Double bonds do what 2 things?
Definition
Make a FA very reactive and Decrease melting point
Term
Saturated fats are different from unsaturated fats because of what?
Definition
Saturated fats don't have DBs
Term
Plant oils dont last long at room temperature because they are what?
Definition
Unsaturated
Term
Animal fat last longer at room temperature because they are what?
Definition
Saturated
Term
What 2 fatty acids are good energy sources?
Definition
Stearic and Oleic
Term
What are fatty acids called when they can not be formed by the animals body and must therefore be in the animals diet?
Definition
Essential fatty acids
Term
What are 2 essential fatty acids?
Definition
Linoleic and Linolenic (mainly in fish)
Term
What are very in maintaing cell membrane structure, capillary wall integrity, lubrication of the skin, and prostaglandin production?
Definition
Essential fatty acids (EFA)
Term
What are some Omega 3 fatty acids?
Definition
Linolenic, DHA, EPA
Term
What are some Omega 6 fatty acids?
Definition
Linoleic and Arachidonic
Term
What is an Omega 9 fatty acid?
Definition
Oleic
Term
What fatty acid is a common name for unsaturated fatty acids with a trans-isomer and are rare in living nature, but can occur in food production process?
Definition
Trans Fats (not used for energy)
Term
The cell membrane structure of lipids are made of what 2 things?
Definition
Phospholipid and Cholesterol
Term
Where is phospholipids made?
Definition
In liver
Term
Where is cholesterol made?
Definition
In liver
Term
The membrane surrounding a living cell defines the extent of the cell and maintains a what with the cells environment?
Definition
Equilibrium with the cells environment
Term
Certain compounds don't diffuse through the membrane, but are pumped into or out of the what?
Definition
Cell
Term
To function properly the cell must display what 2 requirements?
Definition
Closed vessels and Sideness
Term
Phospholipids and glycolipids are on the outside of the plasma membrane, while cholesterol and proteins are on the what?
Definition
Inside
Term
Plants have an additional membrane made up of what 3 things?
Definition
Cellulose, Hemicellulose, and Lignin
Term
Animal cells have how many cell membranes?
Definition
1
Term
What are the 3 molecular constituents that comprise the cell membrane?
Definition
Lipids, Proteins, and Carbohydrates
Term
What are responsible for the structural integrity of the cell?
Definition
Lipids
Term
Each membrane lipid is what that makes one part hydrophobic (tail) and one part hydrophlicic (head)?
Definition
Amphipathic
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What is the body's largest energy reserve and ideal storage form of energy in the animal?
Definition
Lipids
Term
What form are lipids in nature?
Definition
Glycerides
Term
What makes glycerol?
Definition
DHAP
Term
What are 3 dietary lipid forms?
Definition
Monoglycerides, Diglycerides, and Triglycerides
Term
What lipid form is 95% of all lipids found in the body are in?
Definition
Triglyceride
Term
What bond has to be broken to use triglycerides?
Definition
Ester bond
Term
What is a fat soluble vitamin?
Definition
ADEK
Term
What comes from animal tissue and not from plants?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
What is conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)?
Definition
Naturally occurring trans fatty acid
Term
What decreases incidence and proliferation of tumors, decreases LDL cholesterol and made from ruminant products and synthetic sources?
Definition
CLA
Term
Step 1 of lipid synthesis glucose goes to acetyl CoA which goes to citrate, which is then passed to what?
Definition
Cytoplasm
Term
Step 2 of lipid synthesis citrate is cleaved in cytoplasm to oxaloacetate and what?
Definition
Acetyl-CoA
Term
In step 3 of lipid synthesis formation of what begins?
Definition
Malonyl-CoA
Term
In step 4 of lipid synthesis what is added to malonyl-CoA?
Definition
Carrier Protein
Term
Step 5 of lipid synthesis its condenses with a 2 carbon what?
Definition
Acrtyl s synthase
Term
Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what?
Definition
NADPH
Term
Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
Step 8 is once again what by NADPH?
Definition
Reduced
Term
Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what?
Definition
NADPH
Term
Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
Step 8 is once again what by NADPH?
Definition
Reduced
Term
Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what?
Definition
NADPH
Term
Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
Step 8 is once again what by NADPH?
Definition
Reduced
Term
Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what?
Definition
NADPH
Term
Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the DB?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
Step 8 is once again what by NADPH?
Definition
Reduced
Term
Step 6 of lipid synthesis it is reduced with what?
Definition
NADPH
Term
Step 7 of lipid synthesis uses what process to get rid of the oxygen?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
Step 8 is once again what by NADPH to get rid of the DB?
Definition
Reduced
Term
Step 9 of lipid synthesis the pervious compound combines with another malonyl s acp and the cycle what?
Definition
Continues
Term
What is a measure of the degree of unsaturation in fat or oil?
Definition
Iodine #
Term
The more DB a fat or oil contains the higher or loser the what?
Definition
Iodine #
Term
What works by blocking enzyme (rare limiting enzyme) in the liver that helps with cholesterol control?
Definition
Statin
Term
Non ruminant lipid digestion begins in the mouth with lingual lipase and then goes to the what that has gastric lipase?
Definition
Stomach
Term
After the stomach non ruminant lipid digestion goes to the SI that releases what?
Definition
CCK (will slow gastric motility, allowing for adequate digestion of lipids)
Term
In the SI in non ruminant lipid digestion bile from the gall bladder that causes what?
Definition
Emulsification (breaking into tiny particles) (increases surface area allowing digestion)
Term
Bile from the gall bladder used in non ruminant lipid digestion is only stored here, where is it made?
Definition
Liver
Term
Pancreatic lipase, cholesterol esterase, phoshpolipases, and procolipase all assit with lipid digestion in the SI of the non ruminant and are enzymes released from what?
Definition
Pancreas
Term
What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant work on triglycerides?
Definition
Pancreatic lipase
Term
What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant works on cholesterol?
Definition
Cholesterol esterase
Term
What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant work on phospholipids?
Definition
Phospholipase
Term
What enzyme released from the pancreas in the SI of the non ruminant is the glue that allows the other enzymes to work on there substrates?
Definition
Procolipase
Term
Lipids are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Definition
Hydrophobic
Term
Enzymes are hydrophobic or hydrophilic?
Definition
Hydrophilic
Term
What acts at the water lipid interface to allow contact of lipid with enzyme?
Definition
Procolipase
Term
Pancreatic lipase cleaves what from the 1&3 positions in a chain which results in a monoglyceride and 2FFA?
Definition
Fatty acids
Term
What does FFA stand for?
Definition
Free Fatty Acids
Term
Phospholipase cleave the different what?
Definition
Phosphoglycerides
Term
When FFA and monoglycerides are still hydrophobic what formation occurs?
Definition
Micelle formation (bile acids very important)
Term
Micelle is composed of what 2 groups?
Definition
Porlar groups (phosphorylcholine) and Non polar groups (bile acids, cholesterol, lipids)
Term
What is a single layer that holds lipids inside in which the formation is essential for absorption?
Definition
Micelle
Term
Lipids pass how through the membrane?
Definition
Passively
Term
In the non ruminant SI cell triglycerides have to be broken down and remade why?
Definition
Size to large to pass through membrane
Term
In the non ruminant SI cell what transports lipids out of the cell and into the lymphatic system?
Definition
Chylomicron
Term
When transporting out of the SI cell Chylomicrons transport to the lymphatic system, while short/medium chain fatty acids transport to the what?
Definition
Blood stream
Term
In the ruminant gut of lipid digestion microbes attack lipids releasing what?
Definition
FFA
Term
In the ruminant gut of lipid digestion microbes use what as a backbone for energy?
Definition
Glycerol
Term
In the ruminant gut of lipid digestion high concentrations of hydrogen ions do what to most of all FFAs?
Definition
Saturate
Term
What animal is missing the gall bladder?
Definition
Horse
Term
Ruminant SI cell has to start from scratch to make what and is more energy expensive?
Definition
Triglycerides
Term
Lipids travel in the body from place to place wrapped in protein coats called what?
Definition
Lipoproteins (carried by chylomicron)
Term
Most dietary lipids will travel by what?
Definition
Lymphatic system
Term
The lymphatic system is an open system which allows fluid outside the vascular system which is known as what, and returned to the blood?
Definition
Interstital fluid
Term
Proteins that leak out into the intersitial fluid must be returned to the vascular system or a hypertonic fluid would result and the cell would what?
Definition
Shrink
Term
The lymphatic system is analogous to a what?
Definition
Sponge
Term
Chylomicrons, VLDL, LDL, IDL, and HDL are five main what in the body?
Definition
Lipoproteins
Term
The five main lipoprotiens are disposed of by the what?
Definition
The Liver
Term
What main lipoprotein is synthesized in SI and mostly triglycerides?
Definition
Chylomicrons
Term
What main lipoprotein is synthesized in the liver and transports lipid to other tissues, 50-65% triglyceride?
Definition
VLDL (very low density lipoprotein)
Term
What main lipoprotein is formed from catabolism of VLDL and contains mostly cholesterol?
Definition
LDL (low density lipoprotein)
Term
What main lipoprotein is formed from catabolism of VLDL?
Definition
IDL (intermediate density lipoprotein)
Term
What main lipoprotein is synthesized in SI and liver, facilitates VLDL and chylomicron catabolism?
Definition
HDL (high density lipoprotein)
Term
Depot fat is formed from ingesting what 2 things?
Definition
Fat and Carbohydrates or proteins
Term
Depot fat of non ruminants is influenced by what?
Definition
Dietary fat (3 weeks)
Term
Dietary fat has little influence on the depot fat of ruminants why?
Definition
Microbes saturate fats
Term
Is fat tissue dynamic?
Definition
Yes every 3-4 weeks its turned over, used, and replaced
Term
What are the 2 types of rancidity?
Definition
Hydrolytic and Oxidative
Term
Which fatty acids are most susceptible to rancidity?
Definition
Unsaturated fatty acids (oxidative rancidity)
Term
Which rancidity is non toxic and breaks ester bonds?
Definition
Hydrolytic
Term
Which rancidity decreases the energy value of a lipid and is toxic?
Definition
Oxidative
Term
When feeding unsaturated diets you are likely to add what?
Definition
Antioxidants
Term
When diets contain polyunsaturated fatty acids what are then used?
Definition
Antioxidants
Term
BHT, BHA, Santoguin and ethoxyquin are all examples of what?
Definition
Antioxidants
Term
What are the 3 primary lipid tissues?
Definition
Liver, Adipose, and Mammary
Term
The major site of De Novo lipid synthesis is what dependent?
Definition
Specie dependent
Term
What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis in the adipose, some in liver?
Definition
Rat
Term
What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis only in adipose?
Definition
Pig
Term
What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis has it in the liver (fatty liver syndrome)?
Definition
Chicken
Term
What species has the site of De Novo lipid synthesis has it in the adipose and some in liver, similar to rats?
Definition
Human
Term
Lipids are formed from excesses of what?
Definition
Carbohydrates and proteins
Term
Lipid synthesis occurs in the cytosol or mitochondria?
Definition
Cytosol
Term
What 2 carbon compound is the FA made from?
Definition
Acetyl CoA
Term
What substrate is used to reduce the fatty acid as it being made?
Definition
NADPH
Term
Animals want what kind of energy sources?
Definition
Compact
Term
Most animal lipids are saturated and most plant lipids are monounsaturated or what?
Definition
Polyunsaturated FA
Term
In the metabolic triangle carbohydrate can go to protein or lipid and protein can go to carbohydrate or lipid, what can lipid go to?
Definition
Nothing, once a lipid cant go back
Term
What is a lipid compound classified as a sterol and was first isolated in gall stones?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl coA ans synthesis occurs mainly in the what and gut?
Definition
Liver
Term
What is the precursor for other lipid compounds?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Cholesterol is the precursor of what 4 compounds?
Definition
Steroid hormones, Bile acids, Vitamin D, and Adrenal corticoids
Term
Cholesterol is found in all what cells?
Definition
Animal cells
Term
Cholesterol is concentrated in what 4 places?
Definition
Brain, Spinal cord, Skin secretions, and Gall stones
Term
What is absolutely essential to the survival of the body, there fore it is regulated?
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
If sufficient quantities are being consumed the body will normally what synthesis?
Definition
Reduce
Term
Why do people have elevated serum cholesterol?
Definition
Serum level have decreased over the years
Term
What is the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis?
Definition
Hydroxymethyl-Glytral CoA Reductase
Term
In some people the rate limiting enzyme is not regulated and thus what serum cholesterol occurs?
Definition
Elevated serum cholesterol
Term
What are some factors known to influence cholesterol?
Definition
Age, Gender, Diet, Race, Body weight, Smoking
Term
In step 1 of fat mobilization hormone sensitive lipase in adipocyte activate by what?
Definition
Epinephrine and glucagon (primary activator)
Term
In step 2 of fate mobilization hormone sensitive lipase cleaves triglycerides with the assistance of what?
Definition
Monoglyceride lipase (3 FFA and glycerol)
Term
In step 3 of fat mobilization FFA (NEFA)are carried by the blood proteins (albumin) to the liver, muscle, while glycerol travels freely in the blood to the what?
Definition
Liver
Term
What does NEFA stand for?
Definition
Non Essential Fatty Acid (no ester bond)
Term
Glycerol is used to produce what in the liver?
Definition
Glucose
Term
In step 4 of fat mobilization glycerol will be metabolized through the what cycle?
Definition
TCA cycle
Term
In step 5 of fat mobilization what kind of oxidation of the fatty acids occurs?
Definition
Beta oxidation
Term
In step 1 of beta oxidation formation of fatty acid acyl CoA occurs in the endoplasmic reticulum and requires what?
Definition
1 ATP
Term
In step 2 of beta oxidation formation of acyl carnitine and transfer of fatty acid acyl CoA into the mitochondria requires what?
Definition
1 ATP
Term
What shuttles long chain fatty acids?
Definition
Carnitine
Term
In step 3 of beta oxidation dehydrogenation of the fatty acid acyl CoA generates what?
Definition
1 FADH (intermediate energy)
Term
In step 4 of beta oxidation hydration of the fatty acid acyl CoA by adding what?
Definition
Water
Term
In step 5 of beta oxidation dehydrogenation of the fatty acid acyl CoA generates what?
Definition
1 NADH, H (3 potential energy)
Term
In step 6 of beta oxidation what enzyme claves an acetyl CoA from the fatty acid?
Definition
Thiolase
Term
When the # of carbons are divided by 2 what do you get?
Definition
# of Acetyl CoA
Term
When the # of Acetyl CoA is subtracted by 1 you get what?
Definition
# of Turns of Beta oxidation
Term
When the # of carbons are multiplied by the # of Acetyl CoA you get what?
Definition
# of ATP from Acetyl CoA
Term
When (# of Acetly CoA x # of ATP from Acetyl CoA) + (# of turns of beta oxidation x # of ATP in turns of beta oxidation) you get what?
Definition
Gross yield
Term
What are the 3 causes of ketosis (lack of glucose)?
Definition
Starvation, Hypoglycemia, and Milk production
Term
In ketosis where does all the fat go?
Definition
The Liver
Term
What is the problem with all the fat going to the liver?
Definition
No place for the Acetyl CoA to go
Term
Condensation of the Acetyl CoA produces what 3 ketone bodies?
Definition
Acetoacetic acid, Beta hydroxy butric acid, and Acetone
Term
Tissues such as liver, muscle, mammary, and adipose can use some of the ketone bodes but what is the problem?
Definition
Ketone production is greater then Ketone use
Term
Because ketones are acids the can cause what?
Definition
Metabolic acidosis
Term
What does Metabolic acidosis do?
Definition
Lowers blood pH and Reduces oxygen carrying capacity
Term
What is the end result of unchecked ketosis?
Definition
Coma and Death
Term
Who is most susceptible to ketosis?
Definition
Pregnant ewes (carrier of triplets) and High producing dairy cows
Term
What is the treatment of ketosis?
Definition
Ca Gluconate (IV so microbes don't get it)
Term
What is the best prevention of ketosis?
Definition
More grain (more proprionate/ more glucose)
Supporting users have an ad free experience!