Term
| A polysaccharide with repeating units of glucose with alpha bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| A polysaccharide with repeating units of glucose with beta bonds. |
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Definition
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Term
| Amylopectin is a branched chain of maltose molecules and is one example of the polysaccharide known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characterize the energy content, protein quality, fiber level, calcium and phosphorous levels of typical grain vs forage supplements. (don't need actual #'s just indicate high/low) |
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Definition
forage supplements:
↑dietary fiber, ↑calcium, ↓phosphorous, ↑fat soluble vitamins
typical grain:
↓fiber, ↑↑energy |
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Term
| Compare and contrast the chemical compositional difference b/w alfalfa and Bermuda grass. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the term maintenance. |
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Definition
maintain body temp, vital functions, tissue repair, minimal movement
*no net gain/loss of weight and w/o productive activity |
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Term
| How does grain processing affect starch digestibility in the horse? (specifically whole corn or oats vs processed corn or oats)? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does water function within the animals' body? |
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Definition
regulates body temp, joint fluid, excellent solvent, digestive chemical reactions, digestive lubrication |
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Term
| How is it that urea has a crude protein equivalent of 281% crude protein? |
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Definition
it contains 45% N resulting in 281% crude protein
45% x 6.25 = 281 |
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Term
| How much water loss creates physiological problems or death? |
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Definition
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Term
| Identify 5 carbohydrases of important to the young pig + sight of origin or action. |
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Definition
amylase:pancreatic amylase, salivary α-amylase; starch--> smaller carbohydrates
lactase:small intestine; lactose-->galactose + glucose
sucrase: small intestine; sucrose-->fructose + glucose
maltase: small intestine; maltose-->glucose + glucose
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Term
| If we feed a cow a high level of corn grain what is the primary fate of the ingested starch? |
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Definition
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Term
| If we have an NDF value of 70% and an ADF value of 35% how much hemicellulose does this product have? |
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Definition
NDF - ADF = hemicellulose
70 - 35 = 35% hemicellulose |
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Term
| Lactose is composed of what two monosaccharides? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the disaccharides of nutritional significance. How are each of these digested and what are the resulting units of each? |
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Definition
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Term
| Microbes produce what carbohydrase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Since urea has a very high crude protein equivalent value would it be a wise choice for supplementing a growing animal's diet? |
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Definition
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Term
| The process where the plant works to trap solar energy into chemical energy creating glucose the simplest form of carbohydrate is called? |
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Definition
photosynthesis
*produces glucose + oxygen |
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Term
| The storage form of glucose in animals is called? |
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Definition
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Term
| The volatile fatty acid which has a direct impact on glucose synthesis is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 5 common grains used in the U.S.? What is the most common grain fed and is known as the universal one? |
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Definition
corn, oats, barley, milo, wheat
*corn- universal cereal grain |
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Term
| What are the 3 properties of water and how do those apply to physiological actions? |
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Definition
high dielectric constant- solvent
high specific heat- needs a lot of heat to change temp, maintain body temp
high latent heat of vaporization- needs a lot of energy to change from liquid to vapor; sweat removes lots of heat, moist air is exhaled |
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Term
| What are the 3 sources of water? |
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Definition
1) metabolic
2) drinking water
3) water from feed |
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Term
| What are the 6 classes of nutrients? |
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Definition
1.water
2.carbohydrates
3.lipids
4.proteins
5.minerals
6.vitamins |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of forage? |
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Definition
| feed with 18% or more fiber content, variable in protein, low in energy relative to grains, higher calcium + minerals than most grains, better source of fat-soluble vitamins |
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Term
| What are the consequences of too little water? |
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Definition
↓food intake
↑concentration anhydrate
↑heart rate
↑body temp
↑respiration rate
Death |
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Term
| What are the non-fuel nutrient sources? |
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Definition
water, minerals, vitamins |
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Term
| What are the normal intake expectations (in liters) of cattle, sheep, horses, pigs, and birds? |
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Definition
CATTLE: dairy-38/110;
beef-26/66
SHEEP: 4/15
HORSE: 30/43
PIG: 11/19 |
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Term
| What are the nutrients which supply energy? Which supplies the greatest energy per unit and which is the most abundantly used in animal feeding? |
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Definition
carbohydrates, fats, proteins
carbohydrates |
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Term
| What are the reasons for using molasses and/or fat in rations for animals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What classifies feed as a concentrate vs a roughage? |
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Definition
concentrate: (energy source)
roughage: (main food source) |
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Term
| What concerns do we need to recognize when using pasturing or feeding alfalfa, fescue and sorghum sudan grass? |
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Definition
alfalfa: can create enteroliths (stones in the gut), blister beetles (cantharidan toxicity)
fescue:(horse)endophyte fungus can cause abortion, still birth, agalactia, (cattle) fescue foot
sorghum sudan grass: accumulates prussic acid cyanide poisoning- can be fatal to horses |
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Term
| What factors affect maintenance nutrient requirements? |
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Definition
| amt. of activity, weather, body size, level of production, stress and health |
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Term
| What factors affect the nutrient values of forages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is TDS as it applies to water quality? |
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Definition
Total Dissolved Solvents
NaCl (can dehydrate), nitrate (can be toxic), sulfate (can cause diarrhea), other solvents that cause digestive difficulties |
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Term
| What is meant by the Thermoneutral Zone? |
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Definition
| animal doesn't have to use any energy to heat up or expend heat |
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Term
| What is metabolic water? How much metabolic water can be derived from oxidation of fat, carbohydrates or proteins? |
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Definition
*water produced during (and after) breakdown of carbohydrates
*10% water intake is metabolic |
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Term
| What is one amino acid which is deficient in corn? |
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Definition
lysine, methionine, tryptophan |
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Term
| What is one potential problem with cottonseed meal? |
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Definition
| cottonseed meal contains a toxin called gossypol |
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Term
| What protein concentrate has the best amino acid profile? |
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Definition
| soybean meal- highest in quantity + quantity of protein and amino acids |
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Term
| What toxins/feeding problems may be associated with rapeseed meal, cottonseed meal, fish meal, or peanut meal? |
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Definition
rapeseed- contains toxin (goitrogen) that can create goiter
cottonseed- contains toxin called gossypol
fish meal- unpalatabe + smell
peanut meal- contains an aflotoxin |
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Term
| What ultimately is the most important end product of carbohydrate digestion for the pig? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do birds lack the enzyme lactase? |
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Definition
they do not have lactose intake; no need to have an enzyme to break down lactose |
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Term
| Why do we classify oats as a "safe feed" especially for horses? |
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Definition
| high fiber content, high lysine content -- as compared to other grains |
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Term
| Why do you think ruminant animals would have no sucrase action in the Small Intestine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it said that water is the most important nutrient? |
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Definition
body water > 50% body weight
inversely proportionate to fat |
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Term
| Why is wheat not used in animal feeds extensively? |
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Definition
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Term
| lactose, fructose, sucrose and galactose are all typical monosaccharides, yes or no? |
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Definition
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