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ANS 316
Lecture note cards
96
Agriculture
Undergraduate 4
04/09/2009

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Term
What is an exocrine gland?
Definition
Gland that releases gametes into a duct
Term
What is an endocrine gland?
Definition
Gland that releases hormones into circulation
Term
What is the mesovarium?
Definition
The portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovary within the body cavity
Term
What is the hillus?
Definition
The hillus is the base of the ovary; this is where the mesovarium attaches, and where blood/lymph/nerves enter and exit the ovary
Term
What is another name for the cortex of the ovary?
Definition
Parenchyma (outer functional layer)
Term
What does the cortex/parenchyma do for the ovary?
Definition
The cortex/parenchyma serve to house the follicles and follicle-derived structures such as corpus luteas
Term
What is the other name for the medulla (inner layer) of the ovary?
Definition
Stroma
Term
What is the purpose of the medulla/stroma?
Definition
Connective tissue and support for the cortex
Term
What kind of epithelia surrounds the ovary? What is it called?
Definition
The epithelium surrounding the ovary is called germinal epithelium and is a single cuboidal cell layer
Term
What supports the germinal epithelium?
Definition
The tunica albuginea
Term
What kind of epithelium surrounds the mesovarium? What is it called?
Definition
THe epithelium surrounding the mesovarium is called the mesothelium, and is a single squamous cell layer
Term
What are mesenchymal cells, what do they become and where are they located?
Definition
Mesenchymal cells are in the ovarian cortex, and are undifferentiated cells that later develop into the thecal cells and interstitial cells
Term
What are the differences of the mare's ovary from other species?
Definition
The shape (chalice in horse), reversed cortex-medulla arrangement, and germinal epithelium is only at one spot, spot of germinal epithelium is the ovarian fossa and this is where ovulation occurs in the horse
Term
What is a follicle?
Definition
The cellular component surrounding the oocyte
Term
Describe a primordial follicle.
Definition
A primordial follicle is the simplest in structure; most numerous; commonly bunched in clusters around edge of cortex
Term
What is the cellular organization surrounding an oocyte within a primordial follicle?
Definition
Single squamous layer of follicle cells called granulosa cells
Term
what is the nucleus of the oocyte called?
Definition
Germinal vesicle
Term
When might you see primordial follicles?
Definition
From fetal life to ovarian senescence
Term
Describe a primary follicle
Definition
oocyte is larger than that of a primordial oocyte; no longer located in clusters at cortex edge; is no longer surrounded by single squamous granulosa cells but now single cuboidal granulosa cells
Term
When does an oocyte reach its peak size?
Definition
When it becomes a secondary follicle
Term
Describe a secondary follicle
Definition
oocyte at peak size; zona pellucida appears; and membrana granulosa now has 2+ layers
Term
Describe a tertiary follicle
Definition
Thicker membrana granulosa; mesenchymal cells have differentiated into theca cells and have aggregated around the basement lamina of the membrana granulosa that helps contribute to the theca folliculi; antrum develops
Term
Where are blood vessels within the ovary located?
Definition
Theca folliculi (and elsewhere)
Term
Describe a Graafian follicle
Definition
Large w/ blister-like appearance and straw colored liquor folliculi; large antrum causes follicle to protrude from the surface of the ovary; you can now differentiate the theca interna from theca externa; cumulus oophorus is now present (corona radiata may also be present in some sp.); estrogen is being produced by theca interna and membrana granulosa cells to drive female into estrus
Term
Which stages of follicular growth are hormonally independent? When can they be seen?
Definition
Primordial- secondary; they can be seen through female's entire life (fetal-ovarian senescence)
Term
Which stages of follicular growth are hormonally dependent? When can they be seen?
Definition
Tertiary and Graafian; they can be seen from peripubertal to adult life but not into menopause
Term
When do you see the maximum number of oocytes in a female?
Definition
During fetal development
Term
What is ovulation?
Definition
Ovulation is the process by which an oocyte is released from a Graafian follicle to be captured by the oviduct
Term
Which hormone is responsible for causing ovulation? Where is it produced?
Definition
LH; anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Term
How does LH cause ovulation?
Definition
Causes proteolytic degradation of the follicular wall via proteases produced by the follicle cells
Term
What is an ovulation depression?
Definition
A crater remaining after the ovulation of a Graafian follicle; persists~1 day; palpable in mare and cow
Term
Describe a corpus hemorrhagicum (CH; "bleeding body")
Definition
Appears as a semi-solid, blood clot-like structure that is formed immediately after ovulation from the follicle; LH causes cellular rearrangement so that the former estrogen producing cells and now producing progesterone; persists 2-3 days (exception being the dog where progesterone is produced immediately following the LH surge at ovulation)
Term
Describe the corpus luteum (CL; "yellow body")
Definition
Now a solid mass of progesterone producing cells; Granulosa lutein cells develop from the membrana granulosa cells and cause the CL to grow in size via hypertrophy. Granulosa lutein cells are the large cells, and are the high progesterone producing cells. The CL also has theca lutein cells, which are small cells of the CL and thus add to its size by hyperplasia, and do not produce much progesterone.
Term
How many CLs may be present?
Definition
Monotocus sp.: 1-2 and they will be very large (up to 2/3 of the size of the ovary).

Polytocus sp.: Many will form and each represents an ovulated follicle
Term
How long does a CL persist?
Definition
Depends on pregnancy state: If no embryo is present, then it persists for 2/3 of the estrous cycle (~12-15 days) or 1/2 menstrual cycle (~14 days).

If there is an embryo present, then for majority of pregnancy
Term
What is luteolysis?
Definition
Breakdown/regression of the CL
Term
WHat is the corpus luteum spurium?
Definition
CL of the cycle
Term
What is the corpus luteum verum?
Definition
The CL of pregnancy
Term
What is luteotropin, and what does it help in?
Definition
Luteotropin is a substance that supports/maintains the CL & progesterone production. It aids in the embryonic signal
Term
What is antiluteolysin?
Definition
Substance that prevents luteolytic process of breaking down CL
Term
What is the role the uterus has in luteolysis?
Definition
Uterus possesses PGF2a. If no embryo is present, then PGF2a is released which causes the CL to regress. If there is an embryo present, then antiluteolysis is produced, PGF2a production is stopped/altered and CL is allowed to continue
Term
What is one effect of progesterone in terms of cyclicity?
Definition
progesterone inhibits the resumption of cycles and ovulation
Term
What is the corpus albicans (CA; "white body")?
Definition
CL gradually regresses into this structure either at the end of the cycle or the end of the pregnancy due to PGF2a; resembles scar tissue
Term
What is the first tubular portion of the female reproductive tract?
Definition
The oviduct
Term
Is the oviduct physically attached to the ovary?
Definition
No, instead it is located nearby to help collect oocytes
Term
What is the mesosalpinx?
Definition
The portion of the broad ligament that suspends the oviduct within the body cavity
Term
What is the fimbria?
Definition
delicate membrane that extends from the infundibulum to very close to the ovary.
Term
What kind of cells does the fimbria contain?
Definition
Sm. muscle cells and kinocilia
Term
What is the oviductal opening called?
Definition
The ostium
Term
What components make up the ovarian bursa?
Definition
mesosalpinx and fimbria
Term
What allows the bursa to collect oocytes at ovulation?
Definition
Movement of the fimbria (undulating fashion) and the current generated by the beating kinocilia
Term
How long is the ampullary transport of an oocyte?
Definition
2-3 hours for oocyte to reach the ampullary-isthmic junction
Term
What is the length of time required for the oocyte to travel the length of the isthmus?
Definition
2-6 days depending on species for oocyte to reach the utero-tubal junction
Term
What are some of the differences between the ampulla and the isthmus?
Definition
Amulla has a larger lumen that contains more folds than the isthmus, there are more ciliated cells in the ampulla, it has a thinner muscular wall and this gives it a wider, less rigid appearance
Term
What are the 3 layers of all tubular portions of the reproductive tract?
Definition
Serosa/adventitia (outer), muscularis (middle) and the mucosa (innermost)
Term
Describe the oviductal serosa
Definition
Layer of connective tissue surrounded by a layer of single squamous epithelium
Term
Describe the oviductal muscularis
Definition
Sm. muscle layer with outer longitudinal muscle cells and inner circular muscle cells that allow for peristaltic-like movement of the oocyte
Term
What is the mucosa of the oviduct adjacent to?
Definition
Mucosa adjacent to the lumenal epithelium
Term
Name the secondary structure of the oviductal mucosa
Definition
Penetrating folds from mucosa enters the lumen so that the lumen is not a smooth tube because of invaginations of lumen
Term
Describe the lumenal epithelium of the oviduct
Definition
Simple columnar cells that have both kinocilia and non-ciliated secretory cells called peg cells or intercalary cells
Term
What is the prominent organ of the females reproductive tract?
Definition
The uterus
Term
What is the mesometrium?
Definition
The portion of the broad ligament that suspends the uterus in the body cavity.
Term
What are the classifications of the uterus, what is the classification system based on? Describe in detail, and provide examples of species.
Definition
The 3 classifications are duplex, symplex, and bicornuate. These classifications are based on the presence or absence of uterine horns. Duplex uterine structures have 2 vaginas, 2 cervices, 2 uterine horns, no uterine body and is seen in marsupials. The bicornuate uterine structure can have varying degree of separation of the the uterine horns and size of uterine bodies and may be present in horses, ruminants, swine, dogs and cats. The simplex uterine structure has no horns, but large uterine body and is found in primates.
Term
Describe the muscularis layer of the uterus (middle layer)
Definition
Well-defined layers of thick inner circular and thin outer longitudinal muscle layers
Term
Describe the mucosa of the uterus
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium with kinocilia non-ciliated secretory cells, as well as secondary structures called tubular glands that penetrate the mucosa and contact the myometrium (muscularis)
Term
Describe the uterus in ruminants, what makes it different?
Definition
Ruminants have caruncles that fuse with fetal cotyledons to form a placentome
Term
What takes place in the uterus following fertilization?
Definition
The uterus is the site of implantation, majority of fetal development, and placental development
Term
What do myometrial contractions aid with?
Definition
fetal expulsion at parturition, sperm transport at mating, and uterine involutions
Term
Which species use the uterus as the site for semen deposition?
Definition
Mare, dog, sort or sow
Term
What characterizes the cervix?
Definition
Thick, rigid connective tissue wall
Term
How is the cervix arranged in camelids, ruminants and swine?
Definition
Annular rings (other sp. have cervical folds running cranial to caudal)
Term
How is the cervix arranged in species other than ruminants, camelids and swine?
Definition
Longitudinal folds that run cranial to caudal
Term
What is the internal os?
Definition
The cranial opening of the cervix that opens into the uterus
Term
What is the name of the opening on the caudal end of the uterus that opens into the vagina?
Definition
External os
Term
What is the fornix vagina?
Definition
Pocket formed by the caudal portion of the cervix protruding into the vagina; present in the mare, dog and ruminants
Term
What gives the cervix it's rigidity?
Definition
Collagen within the serosa (very prominent) and lots of connective tissue
Term
Describe the layers of the cervical muscularis
Definition
It is reasonable thin and made of irregularly arranged bands of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle
Term
Describe the cervical mucosa, including the epithelium type
Definition
simple columnar epithelium w/ kinacilia and non-ciliated secretory cells
Term
What special cell type is present in the cervical lumenal epithelium? What do they do?
Definition
Goblet cells; secrete mucous
Term
What is the secondary structure within the cervical lumen?
Definition
Crypts, which are deep penetrations of the mucosa that contacts the muscularis
Term
What affect does estrogen have on the cervix?
Definition
Induces mucous formation/secretion of goblet cells; causes cervix to dilate
Term
what affect does progesterone have on the cervix?
Definition
Antagonistic to estrogen so suppresses mucus formation and secretion by the goblet cells and causes cervix to constrict; helps with cervical plug
Term
Where in the cervix serves as a reservoir of sperm before transport of the sperm to the uterus and oviduct?
Definition
Crypts
Term
How does mucus from the goblet cells help in fertilization?
Definition
Serves as medium of transport for semen and may help select the passage of only the most viable sperm
Term
What species uses the cervix as the site of semen deposition?
Definition
Swine, sort of (remember, semen gets jetted in)
Term
What are the two parts of the vagina? What is the dividing line?
Definition
Anterior and posterior vagina (posterior is also called the vestibule); divided by the urethral orifice
Term
What are the paired exocrine glands within the vestibule?
Definition
Vestibular glands (AKA Glands of Bartholin), secretes thick mucus-like fluid
Term
What are the Gartner's tubules?
Definition
vestige or fetal remnant of a paired duct that develops in the males; often regresses in females; become Wolffian or mesonephric ducts in males
Term
What is the fetal structure that develops into either the clitoris or the penis?
Definition
genital tubercle
Term
What is the name of the smooth muscles that keep the vulva closed?
Definition
Constrictor vulvae muscles
Term
What is the epithelial type in the livestock anterior vagina? What else is present?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelia with kinocilia and non-ciliated secretory cells
Term
Describe the epithelium in non-livestock species' anterior vagina
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium with no secretory cells
Term
What type of epithelium is present in the vestibule?
Definition
Stratified squamous epithelium w/o secretory cells
Term
What species do NOT use the vagina as the site of semen deposition?
Definition
Dog, Mare, Pigs, Rodents
Term
Where is the site of spermatogenesis?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules (more specifically the tubulus contortus)
Term
What is the order of the tubular portion of the testes?
Definition
Seminiferous tubules, rete testes, and efferent ducts
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