Term
| What is an exocrine gland? |
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Definition
| Gland that releases gametes into a duct |
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Term
| What is an endocrine gland? |
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Definition
| Gland that releases hormones into circulation |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the broad ligament that supports the ovary within the body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| The hillus is the base of the ovary; this is where the mesovarium attaches, and where blood/lymph/nerves enter and exit the ovary |
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Term
| What is another name for the cortex of the ovary? |
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Definition
| Parenchyma (outer functional layer) |
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Term
| What does the cortex/parenchyma do for the ovary? |
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Definition
| The cortex/parenchyma serve to house the follicles and follicle-derived structures such as corpus luteas |
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Term
| What is the other name for the medulla (inner layer) of the ovary? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of the medulla/stroma? |
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Definition
| Connective tissue and support for the cortex |
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Term
| What kind of epithelia surrounds the ovary? What is it called? |
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Definition
| The epithelium surrounding the ovary is called germinal epithelium and is a single cuboidal cell layer |
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Term
| What supports the germinal epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of epithelium surrounds the mesovarium? What is it called? |
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Definition
| THe epithelium surrounding the mesovarium is called the mesothelium, and is a single squamous cell layer |
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Term
| What are mesenchymal cells, what do they become and where are they located? |
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Definition
| Mesenchymal cells are in the ovarian cortex, and are undifferentiated cells that later develop into the thecal cells and interstitial cells |
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Term
| What are the differences of the mare's ovary from other species? |
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Definition
| The shape (chalice in horse), reversed cortex-medulla arrangement, and germinal epithelium is only at one spot, spot of germinal epithelium is the ovarian fossa and this is where ovulation occurs in the horse |
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Term
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Definition
| The cellular component surrounding the oocyte |
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Term
| Describe a primordial follicle. |
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Definition
| A primordial follicle is the simplest in structure; most numerous; commonly bunched in clusters around edge of cortex |
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Term
| What is the cellular organization surrounding an oocyte within a primordial follicle? |
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Definition
| Single squamous layer of follicle cells called granulosa cells |
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Term
| what is the nucleus of the oocyte called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| When might you see primordial follicles? |
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Definition
| From fetal life to ovarian senescence |
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Term
| Describe a primary follicle |
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Definition
| oocyte is larger than that of a primordial oocyte; no longer located in clusters at cortex edge; is no longer surrounded by single squamous granulosa cells but now single cuboidal granulosa cells |
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Term
| When does an oocyte reach its peak size? |
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Definition
| When it becomes a secondary follicle |
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Term
| Describe a secondary follicle |
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Definition
| oocyte at peak size; zona pellucida appears; and membrana granulosa now has 2+ layers |
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Term
| Describe a tertiary follicle |
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Definition
| Thicker membrana granulosa; mesenchymal cells have differentiated into theca cells and have aggregated around the basement lamina of the membrana granulosa that helps contribute to the theca folliculi; antrum develops |
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Term
| Where are blood vessels within the ovary located? |
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Definition
| Theca folliculi (and elsewhere) |
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Term
| Describe a Graafian follicle |
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Definition
| Large w/ blister-like appearance and straw colored liquor folliculi; large antrum causes follicle to protrude from the surface of the ovary; you can now differentiate the theca interna from theca externa; cumulus oophorus is now present (corona radiata may also be present in some sp.); estrogen is being produced by theca interna and membrana granulosa cells to drive female into estrus |
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Term
| Which stages of follicular growth are hormonally independent? When can they be seen? |
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Definition
| Primordial- secondary; they can be seen through female's entire life (fetal-ovarian senescence) |
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Term
| Which stages of follicular growth are hormonally dependent? When can they be seen? |
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Definition
| Tertiary and Graafian; they can be seen from peripubertal to adult life but not into menopause |
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Term
| When do you see the maximum number of oocytes in a female? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Ovulation is the process by which an oocyte is released from a Graafian follicle to be captured by the oviduct |
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Term
| Which hormone is responsible for causing ovulation? Where is it produced? |
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Definition
| LH; anterior lobe of the pituitary gland |
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Term
| How does LH cause ovulation? |
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Definition
| Causes proteolytic degradation of the follicular wall via proteases produced by the follicle cells |
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Term
| What is an ovulation depression? |
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Definition
| A crater remaining after the ovulation of a Graafian follicle; persists~1 day; palpable in mare and cow |
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Term
| Describe a corpus hemorrhagicum (CH; "bleeding body") |
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Definition
| Appears as a semi-solid, blood clot-like structure that is formed immediately after ovulation from the follicle; LH causes cellular rearrangement so that the former estrogen producing cells and now producing progesterone; persists 2-3 days (exception being the dog where progesterone is produced immediately following the LH surge at ovulation) |
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Term
| Describe the corpus luteum (CL; "yellow body") |
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Definition
| Now a solid mass of progesterone producing cells; Granulosa lutein cells develop from the membrana granulosa cells and cause the CL to grow in size via hypertrophy. Granulosa lutein cells are the large cells, and are the high progesterone producing cells. The CL also has theca lutein cells, which are small cells of the CL and thus add to its size by hyperplasia, and do not produce much progesterone. |
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Term
| How many CLs may be present? |
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Definition
Monotocus sp.: 1-2 and they will be very large (up to 2/3 of the size of the ovary).
Polytocus sp.: Many will form and each represents an ovulated follicle |
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Term
| How long does a CL persist? |
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Definition
Depends on pregnancy state: If no embryo is present, then it persists for 2/3 of the estrous cycle (~12-15 days) or 1/2 menstrual cycle (~14 days).
If there is an embryo present, then for majority of pregnancy |
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Term
|
Definition
| Breakdown/regression of the CL |
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Term
| WHat is the corpus luteum spurium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the corpus luteum verum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is luteotropin, and what does it help in? |
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Definition
| Luteotropin is a substance that supports/maintains the CL & progesterone production. It aids in the embryonic signal |
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Term
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Definition
| Substance that prevents luteolytic process of breaking down CL |
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Term
| What is the role the uterus has in luteolysis? |
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Definition
| Uterus possesses PGF2a. If no embryo is present, then PGF2a is released which causes the CL to regress. If there is an embryo present, then antiluteolysis is produced, PGF2a production is stopped/altered and CL is allowed to continue |
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Term
| What is one effect of progesterone in terms of cyclicity? |
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Definition
| progesterone inhibits the resumption of cycles and ovulation |
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Term
| What is the corpus albicans (CA; "white body")? |
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Definition
| CL gradually regresses into this structure either at the end of the cycle or the end of the pregnancy due to PGF2a; resembles scar tissue |
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Term
| What is the first tubular portion of the female reproductive tract? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is the oviduct physically attached to the ovary? |
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Definition
| No, instead it is located nearby to help collect oocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of the broad ligament that suspends the oviduct within the body cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| delicate membrane that extends from the infundibulum to very close to the ovary. |
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Term
| What kind of cells does the fimbria contain? |
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Definition
| Sm. muscle cells and kinocilia |
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Term
| What is the oviductal opening called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What components make up the ovarian bursa? |
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Definition
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Term
| What allows the bursa to collect oocytes at ovulation? |
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Definition
| Movement of the fimbria (undulating fashion) and the current generated by the beating kinocilia |
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Term
| How long is the ampullary transport of an oocyte? |
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Definition
| 2-3 hours for oocyte to reach the ampullary-isthmic junction |
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Term
| What is the length of time required for the oocyte to travel the length of the isthmus? |
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Definition
| 2-6 days depending on species for oocyte to reach the utero-tubal junction |
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Term
| What are some of the differences between the ampulla and the isthmus? |
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Definition
| Amulla has a larger lumen that contains more folds than the isthmus, there are more ciliated cells in the ampulla, it has a thinner muscular wall and this gives it a wider, less rigid appearance |
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Term
| What are the 3 layers of all tubular portions of the reproductive tract? |
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Definition
| Serosa/adventitia (outer), muscularis (middle) and the mucosa (innermost) |
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Term
| Describe the oviductal serosa |
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Definition
| Layer of connective tissue surrounded by a layer of single squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Describe the oviductal muscularis |
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Definition
| Sm. muscle layer with outer longitudinal muscle cells and inner circular muscle cells that allow for peristaltic-like movement of the oocyte |
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Term
| What is the mucosa of the oviduct adjacent to? |
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Definition
| Mucosa adjacent to the lumenal epithelium |
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Term
| Name the secondary structure of the oviductal mucosa |
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Definition
| Penetrating folds from mucosa enters the lumen so that the lumen is not a smooth tube because of invaginations of lumen |
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Term
| Describe the lumenal epithelium of the oviduct |
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Definition
| Simple columnar cells that have both kinocilia and non-ciliated secretory cells called peg cells or intercalary cells |
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Term
| What is the prominent organ of the females reproductive tract? |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The portion of the broad ligament that suspends the uterus in the body cavity. |
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Term
| What are the classifications of the uterus, what is the classification system based on? Describe in detail, and provide examples of species. |
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Definition
| The 3 classifications are duplex, symplex, and bicornuate. These classifications are based on the presence or absence of uterine horns. Duplex uterine structures have 2 vaginas, 2 cervices, 2 uterine horns, no uterine body and is seen in marsupials. The bicornuate uterine structure can have varying degree of separation of the the uterine horns and size of uterine bodies and may be present in horses, ruminants, swine, dogs and cats. The simplex uterine structure has no horns, but large uterine body and is found in primates. |
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Term
| Describe the muscularis layer of the uterus (middle layer) |
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Definition
| Well-defined layers of thick inner circular and thin outer longitudinal muscle layers |
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Term
| Describe the mucosa of the uterus |
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Definition
| Simple columnar epithelium with kinocilia non-ciliated secretory cells, as well as secondary structures called tubular glands that penetrate the mucosa and contact the myometrium (muscularis) |
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Term
| Describe the uterus in ruminants, what makes it different? |
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Definition
| Ruminants have caruncles that fuse with fetal cotyledons to form a placentome |
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|
Term
| What takes place in the uterus following fertilization? |
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Definition
| The uterus is the site of implantation, majority of fetal development, and placental development |
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|
Term
| What do myometrial contractions aid with? |
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Definition
| fetal expulsion at parturition, sperm transport at mating, and uterine involutions |
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Term
| Which species use the uterus as the site for semen deposition? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What characterizes the cervix? |
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Definition
| Thick, rigid connective tissue wall |
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Term
| How is the cervix arranged in camelids, ruminants and swine? |
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Definition
| Annular rings (other sp. have cervical folds running cranial to caudal) |
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|
Term
| How is the cervix arranged in species other than ruminants, camelids and swine? |
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Definition
| Longitudinal folds that run cranial to caudal |
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Term
|
Definition
| The cranial opening of the cervix that opens into the uterus |
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|
Term
| What is the name of the opening on the caudal end of the uterus that opens into the vagina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the fornix vagina? |
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Definition
| Pocket formed by the caudal portion of the cervix protruding into the vagina; present in the mare, dog and ruminants |
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|
Term
| What gives the cervix it's rigidity? |
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Definition
| Collagen within the serosa (very prominent) and lots of connective tissue |
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|
Term
| Describe the layers of the cervical muscularis |
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Definition
| It is reasonable thin and made of irregularly arranged bands of inner circular and outer longitudinal smooth muscle |
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|
Term
| Describe the cervical mucosa, including the epithelium type |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium w/ kinacilia and non-ciliated secretory cells |
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Term
| What special cell type is present in the cervical lumenal epithelium? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Goblet cells; secrete mucous |
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|
Term
| What is the secondary structure within the cervical lumen? |
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Definition
| Crypts, which are deep penetrations of the mucosa that contacts the muscularis |
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|
Term
| What affect does estrogen have on the cervix? |
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Definition
| Induces mucous formation/secretion of goblet cells; causes cervix to dilate |
|
|
Term
| what affect does progesterone have on the cervix? |
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Definition
| Antagonistic to estrogen so suppresses mucus formation and secretion by the goblet cells and causes cervix to constrict; helps with cervical plug |
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|
Term
| Where in the cervix serves as a reservoir of sperm before transport of the sperm to the uterus and oviduct? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How does mucus from the goblet cells help in fertilization? |
|
Definition
| Serves as medium of transport for semen and may help select the passage of only the most viable sperm |
|
|
Term
| What species uses the cervix as the site of semen deposition? |
|
Definition
| Swine, sort of (remember, semen gets jetted in) |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the vagina? What is the dividing line? |
|
Definition
| Anterior and posterior vagina (posterior is also called the vestibule); divided by the urethral orifice |
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|
Term
| What are the paired exocrine glands within the vestibule? |
|
Definition
| Vestibular glands (AKA Glands of Bartholin), secretes thick mucus-like fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are the Gartner's tubules? |
|
Definition
| vestige or fetal remnant of a paired duct that develops in the males; often regresses in females; become Wolffian or mesonephric ducts in males |
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|
Term
| What is the fetal structure that develops into either the clitoris or the penis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the name of the smooth muscles that keep the vulva closed? |
|
Definition
| Constrictor vulvae muscles |
|
|
Term
| What is the epithelial type in the livestock anterior vagina? What else is present? |
|
Definition
| Simple columnar epithelia with kinocilia and non-ciliated secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| Describe the epithelium in non-livestock species' anterior vagina |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium with no secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of epithelium is present in the vestibule? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous epithelium w/o secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| What species do NOT use the vagina as the site of semen deposition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of spermatogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules (more specifically the tubulus contortus) |
|
|
Term
| What is the order of the tubular portion of the testes? |
|
Definition
| Seminiferous tubules, rete testes, and efferent ducts |
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