Term
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Definition
| Building block of many other carbs: Starches, Glycogen, Cellulose. Hexose |
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Term
Sucrose gets broken down into:
Breaks down via which enzyme: |
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Definition
glucose and fructose
Sucrase |
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Term
Lactose gets broken down into:
Breaks down via which enzyme: |
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Definition
glucose and galactose
Lactase |
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Term
Maltose gets broken down into:
Breaks down via which enzyme: |
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Definition
alpha glucose and alpha glucose
Maltase |
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Term
Cellobiose gets broken down into:
Breaks down via which enzyme: |
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Definition
beta glucose and beta glucose
Cellobiase |
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Term
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Definition
| Composed of 5C-6C chains. (pentose,hexose) |
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Term
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Definition
| 6C chain (hexose)made from repeating units. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can only be broken down by Cellobiase via microbes. Homopolysaccharide. Very stable and strong |
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Term
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Definition
| Heteropolysaccharide, weaker chain, but still cannot be broken by mammal enzymes. |
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Term
| Types of VFA's produced by ruminants |
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Definition
| Acetic acid, Proprionic acid, Butyric acid |
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Term
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Definition
Starch that doesn't complete break down. Ferments in the hind gut, producing VFA's
Example: fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused by introducing too much grain into the diet. Microbes overproduce too many VFA's, causing a change in pH level in the rumen and killing off the beneficial microbes. Shortage of amylolytic bacteria. Symptoms include sore hooves, low milk fat, diarrhea. Prevented by slowly entering grain into the diet |
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Term
| Causes of lactose intolerance: |
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Definition
| Caused by the absence of lactase enzyme. Undigested lactose in the small intestine is not absorbed and osmotic balance is disrupted, causing constipation and diarrhea. Remaining lactose in the Lg intestine is eaten by microbes, producing excess gas. Treat by avoiding lactose products or take a lactase enzyme. |
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Term
| Benefits of fiber in animal companion diets |
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Definition
Weight loss/control
Gut health: Reduces constipation, enhances bowel movements. |
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Term
| Differences between starch and cellulose |
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Definition
Cellulose: harder to break down. Req. microbe enzyme. Beta 1-4 linkage. Found in cell wall of plants.
Starch: Easier to break down. Alpha 1-4 linkage. Found in seed energy storages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Relationship of food to the functioning of the living organism. Animal assimilates food, mechanically and chemically and uses it for life processes. |
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Term
| How quality of nutrients fed within the feed diet affect animal products |
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Definition
| You are what you eat. Nutrients fed to the animal are used to enhance the animal, making it able to produce a better product, with less feed and less mess. |
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Term
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Definition
| water, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins, fats |
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Term
| the 3 nutrients that are considered energy |
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Definition
| Proteins, carbohydrates, fats |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of looking at nutrient % of what is within the feed. Water is taken out, and the remains are divided into organic and inorganic compounds |
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Term
| List the organic and inorganic components in proximate analysis |
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Definition
organic: protein, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins
inorganic: minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| Largest part of the stomach. Fermentation vat. Microbe metropolis. Absorption of VFA's, increase surface area via papilae |
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Term
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Definition
| Initiates regurgitation. Honeycomb surface. Captures particles microbial fermentation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food filter. Leaf-like membranes. Sieve large particles and digestive action. |
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Term
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Definition
| Glandular stomach. 2nd largest. Chemical (HCL) digestion. Limited enzyme and digestion action. |
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Term
Examples of monosaccharides (hexose)
*most common sugar in animal nutrition |
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Definition
| Glucose, galactose, fructose |
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Term
Examples of other monosaccharides (pentose)
*most common sugar in animal nutrition |
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Definition
| Arabinose, Xylose, Ribose |
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Term
| Examples of disaccharides |
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Definition
| Sucrose, lactose, maltose, cellubiose |
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Term
| Examples of oligosaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| Examples of homopolysaccharides |
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Definition
| amylose, amylopectin, glycogen, cellulose, inulin |
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Term
| Examples of heteropolysaccharides |
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Definition
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Term
| Two forms of starch in plants |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 dietary factors that affect ruman fermentation |
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Definition
1. Level of feeding: high starch intake= lower PH
2. Alteration of roughage/concentration ratio: higher in acetic acid, higher pH
3.Alteration of phy. form: Grinding and pelleting |
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Term
Energy Carrying molecules and their conversions.
Where are they carried to? |
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Definition
NADH = 3ATP
FADH = 2ATP
GTP = 1ATP
"cashed in" for ATP in the Mitochondria |
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Term
| How to cells get energy(ATP) from glucose? |
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Definition
| Cells use metabolic pathways and enzymes to break down glucose. Gets chemically converted from glucose to ATP. |
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Term
| 3 metabolic pathways/cycles |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Pyruvate dehydrongenase (TCA cycle)
Citric Acid Cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Occurs in the Cytosol. Energy production
6C glucose --> 3C pyruvate
Cost: 1 glucose molecule, 2 ATP
Produces: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH (total: 8 ATP) |
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme that breaks down glucose to ATP
Links Glycolysis with TCA cycle via Pyruvate--Acetyl CoA. 6 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the Mitochondria. Most energy production here. More efficient energy production. 24 ATP |
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Term
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Definition
| VFA= primary energy source. Short chain. |
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Term
| Form of starch stored in animals |
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Definition
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Term
| End product of carbs for monogastrics |
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Definition
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Term
| End product of carbs for ruminants |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Alpha-D glucose. Alpha 1,4 linkage (amylase)
1,4 linkage with alpha, 1,6 linkage at branch points (Amylopectin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Beta D-glucose + beta D-glucose. Beta 1,4 linkage impossible to split alone. Cellulase can split it. |
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