Term
| Portion of the cell that contains a cells genetic material |
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Definition
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Term
| The DNA containing structures in the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Double stranded nucleic acid that coeds for the genetic make up of a cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Active area in the chromosome that codes for a trait and determines how that trait will help |
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Definition
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Term
| one of 4 units on the DNA molecule that form combinations that code for proteins |
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Definition
| Bases (Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine) |
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Term
| Alternative forms of a gene |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Complete genetic material of an organism |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| The expressed characteristics |
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Definition
| Phenotype (seen: color, horned) |
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Term
| Primarily determined by genotype, little or no environmental influence, determined/controlled by small # of genes, detected by visual observation, examples are hair color and horns. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most traits of economic importance, show continuous variation (cannot be separated into distinct groups), affected by many genes (impossible to determine effect of 1 gene pair), environment affects gene expressed |
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Definition
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Term
| Can measure phenotype, but cannot determine the specific genotype, examples: weights, milk production, fertility, performance |
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Definition
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Term
| important tool for genetic improvement |
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Definition
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Term
| Prevent some from reproducing, use others to become parents of many offspring |
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Definition
| Differential reproduction (part of selection) |
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Term
| Increase frequency of desirable genes, decrease frequency of undesirable genes |
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Definition
| How to change gene frequency in the population |
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Term
| selection is based on what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Proper selection of phenotype will change what? |
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Definition
| will change genotype of population slowly overtime |
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Term
| % of the phenotype variation that is genetic and transmitted from parents to progeny |
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Definition
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Term
| Reproduction has a low Heritability and cannot be a selected trait because it is dependent on what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The amount by which the average progeny of the animal is expected to exceed the average of the herd or population |
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Definition
| Expected progeny difference (EPD) |
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Term
| Our best tool for genetic selection, used to compare genetic potential, available for cattle, sheep and swine, theoretical average = 0 |
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Definition
| Expected progeny difference (EPD) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of mating systems |
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Definition
| Straightbreeding, crossbreeding |
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Term
| Mating animals of the same breed is what? |
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Definition
| Straightbreeding (purebred) |
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Term
| Mating animals of different breeds |
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Definition
| Crossbreeding (commercial) |
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Term
| Through selection and breeding, come to resemble and pass traits uniformly to offspring is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Results from the combining of desirable traits of various breeds, term used in cattle, sheep and poultry |
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Definition
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Term
| Developed from specific line crosses, selected for specific traits, used in swine corporate seedstock suppliers |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 reasons why we crossbreed |
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Definition
| Breed complementation and Heterosis (hybrid vigor) |
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Term
| Match strengths and weaknesses of different breeds |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase the productivity of the crossbred progeny that is greater than expected based on the average of the parents performance |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 types of crossbreeding programs |
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Definition
| Terminal and Rotational crossbreeding |
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Term
| all progeny are marketed to produce meat, must buy replacement breeding stock, use a performance/carcass oriented sir breed |
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Definition
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Term
| Crossbred females used to produce new generation(buying new bulls, reproducing new females), reproductive heterosis is high, heterosis increases as the # of breeds in cross increase |
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Definition
| Rotational Crossbreeding (2 or 3 breeds) |
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Term
| which rotational crossbreeding is the most common? |
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Definition
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Term
| Excess milk was produced into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ice harvesting/wind mills, refrigeration, pasteurization, glass bottles were all new techniques developed for what? |
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Definition
| Handling, storage, and processing milk |
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Term
| AI, freezing of bull semen, embryo transfer, rBST, record keeping, change of breed are all techniques to improve what? |
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Definition
| Safety and nutritive value of milk |
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Term
| it starts with milk (cows,sheep/goats, camels,horses), add something (heat, bacteria, salt, flavor), remove something (water, fat, lactose) are all part of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| To produce high quality milk there are 6 factors |
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Definition
| clean, low bacteria count, low somatic cell count, no dilution, good flavor, no antibiotic residue |
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Term
| All shipments of milk are tested for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Produce the product efficiently, be environmentally responsible, and earn a reasonable profit are what 3 objectives? |
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Definition
| Objectives of the dairy producer |
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Term
| US number of dairy cows is 9,225,000 placing it what in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| US milk per cow (lbs) is 21,642 placing it what in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| US total milk production (lbs) is 199.6 billion placing it what in the world? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the world leader of number of dairy cows? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the world leader in milk per cow? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the world leader in total milk production? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is the state leader in the number of dairy cows? |
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Definition
| California (Florida = 19th) |
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Term
| Who is the state leader in annual milk production per year? |
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Definition
| New Mexico (no humidity), (Florida = 19th) |
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Term
| Who is the state leader in total milk production? |
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Definition
| California (Florida = 19th) |
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Term
| The trend in US dairy cows has been decreasing , yet the milk production had been increasing. What does this show? |
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Definition
| Shows that the animals are becoming more efficient |
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Term
| What county in Florida has the most dairy farms? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many dairy farms are in Florida? |
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Definition
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Term
| What county in Florida has the second most dairy farms? |
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Definition
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Term
| Temp, Humidity, Breed of cow, Type of feed, Heath status, Stage of lactation, # of milkings per day, and climate modification are all what? |
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Definition
| Factors affecting milk production |
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Term
| Shifts in breeds, improved genetics, better formulated diets, greater use of concentrate feeds, better health programs are all what? |
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Definition
| Factors resulting in national trends |
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Term
| climate modification, improved reproductive efficiency, use of rBST, and larger dairies are all what? |
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Definition
| Factors resulting in national trends |
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Term
| Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, Ayrshire are all what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Breed originated in Europe and developed in the Netherlands, Large black and white, 90% of US dairies milk this breed (best dairy cow), consumes the most feed |
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Definition
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Term
| what does DHIA stand for? |
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Definition
| Dairy Herd Improvement Association |
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Term
| Breed originated in islands of Jersey, light gray to dark, fawn to nearly black with dark face, produces more milk/lb of body weight than any breed, |
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Definition
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Term
| Breed originated on island of Guernsey in the English channel, any shade of fawn with white markings, been improved by AI, high betacarotene content (golden milk) |
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Definition
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Term
| Breed originated in Switzerland, light to dark brown with black muzzle, rank 2nd in average annual milk production, milk has a high protein content |
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Definition
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Term
| Breed originated in Scotland, any shade of cherry, mahogany, brown or white, can produce favorably with poor forage quality, excellent udder conformation and reduced foot problems |
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Definition
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Term
| How have we genetically improved the dairy cattle? |
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Definition
| AI, ET, progeny testing, cloning |
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Term
| Most famous bull in Holstein genetics, responsible for blad = resulting in death in all homosygous animals |
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Definition
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Term
| Bull that has produced over 2 million units of semen, the most of any bull in AI history |
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Definition
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Term
| how has dairy farms changed? |
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Definition
| Farms are getting larger and more efficient |
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Term
| Dairy farm that has more individual focus, familiarity, more labor, and less profit |
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Definition
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Term
| Dairy farm that is herd focused, economy of scale, specialized labor, animal welfare and environmental concerns |
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Definition
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Term
| Grazing dairy, combination dairy, tie stall dairy, Free stall barn dairy |
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Definition
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Term
| Forage based dairy, lower milk production, less feed and waste management costs, used by organic milk producers, not been successful in Florida |
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Definition
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Term
| Pasture plus feeding in milking parlor, cows maintained outdoors providing forage, small herd of dairy cows, labor intensive |
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Definition
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Term
| Each cow placed in individual stall, tied or head placed in a free swiveling stanchion, milking equipment overhead, cows milked in stall, no parlor, labor intensive, need good ventalation |
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Definition
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Term
| Most common, common for large herds, cows move freely in barn, bedded stall area for cow to lie, bedding can be straw, wood shavings, sand, feeding alley in front of stalls, flushing system, cows moved to milking parlor |
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Definition
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Term
| The udder has 4 separate mammary glands known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Milk is produced by millions of what in each gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alveoli are grouped in what which are grouped in lobes? |
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Definition
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Term
| During the milk ejaculation, milk enters teat cistern and exits through what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the key to the milk ejaculation reflex? |
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Definition
| Oxytocin (released from PP) |
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Term
| 3 stages of the lactation curve |
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Definition
| Peak lactation (most important stage), Mid lactation, Tail enders |
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Term
| Why are teats dipped after milking? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 forms of Intramammary Infections(IMI) |
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Definition
| Contagious(during milking) and Environmental(bedding) |
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Term
| How can farms prevent mastitis? |
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Definition
| Clean/dry udders and proper milking procedures |
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Term
| Why is a milking parlor compared to a tie stall milking operation is preferred? |
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Definition
| Requires less labor, less milk carrying, can handle herd expansion, higher investment costs, less individual animal attention |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of milking parlors? |
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Definition
| Herring Bone, Side opening, and Rotary parlor |
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Term
| Most common milking parlor, double X, cows enter and leave in groups, stand at an angle, entering and leaving gates controlled, slow milking cows hold up group |
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Definition
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Term
| Cows stand parallel, individually enter and leave, more walking distance, slow milking cows do not hold up group, limited space and speed |
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Definition
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Term
| Slowly rotating platform, large # milked in smaller space, more expensive |
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Definition
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Term
| Who provide marketing and outlook information, participate in federal order hearings, sell milking supplies/feed, provide insurance, provide lab services, advise on production and inspection problems? |
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Definition
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Term
| Classes of what kind of milk are used for pricing and based on final use of milk? |
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Definition
| Class Grade A milk (Fluid milk) |
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Term
| Class 1 milk is what kind of milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of milk is sued for manufacture of cottage cheese, ice cream, sour cream, and yogurt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class of milk is used to manufacture butter, cheese and condensed and evaporated milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| What class grade of milk is used for manufactured dairy products but not for fluid milk use? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pricing milk is considered what when trying to price each milk component, price quality, and mailbox price? |
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Definition
| Pricing milk is Complicated |
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Term
| Records are a necessity for what? |
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Definition
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Term
| DHIA provides what for dairy farms? |
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Definition
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Term
| The realistic goal of breeding a lactating dairy cow is a how many moth calving interval? |
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Definition
| 13 Months calving interval |
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Term
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Definition
| Assisted Reproductive Technologies |
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Term
| Dry period of the cow is typically how many days? |
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Definition
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Term
| Calves removed from cows shortly after birth are given what? |
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Definition
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Term
| At what age can a cow be bred? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 categories of Swine breeds |
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Definition
| Colored (paternal= muscle growth, and White (maternal= milk, liter size, mothering abilities) |
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Term
| Mostly experimental, known for litter size (18-20), a lot of fat, reproductive trait low heritability |
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Definition
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Term
| Paternal breed, red in color, droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
| Belted breed, paternal, black with white belt, erect ears |
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Definition
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Term
| Paternal breed, black with 6 white markings (face,tail, legs), erect ears, good to eat, more intramuscular fat, the Angus of pigs |
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Definition
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Term
| paternal breed, looks like Berkshire except ears, droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
| Paternal breed, black and white spotted, droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
| Maternal breed, white, erect ears, the mother breed, common in swine programs |
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Definition
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Term
| Maternal breed, white, large droopy ears block vision, known for milking/liter size, very feminine |
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Definition
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Term
| Maternal breed, white, small droopy ears |
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Definition
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Term
| The usage of hybrid swine lines is a common practice for what? |
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Definition
| Commercial Swine Industry |
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Term
| Who is the largest swine company in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What swine breeding company produces 40-50% of breeding females? |
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Definition
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Term
| Replacement breeding stock in swine should have what 3 factors? |
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Definition
| Structurally sound, Mammary soundness, and eliminated the PPS(Stress gene) |
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Term
| What is the major cause of low quality pork? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sows produce larger liters, while Gilts provide what opportunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Boars contribute most of the genetic contribution and major influence on what quality? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are pigs produced in the United States? |
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Definition
| Mid-West (due to corn and soybeans) |
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Term
| Iowa, Illinois, and Nebraska use what as there primary energy source? |
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Definition
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Term
| Iowa and Illinois use what as there primary protein source? |
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Definition
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Term
| What state is the #1 swine producer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What state is the 2nd swine producer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are small swine farms dispersing? |
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Definition
| Cannot compete with large corporations |
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Term
| Conventional farrow to finish include what stages on 1 site? |
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Definition
| Breeding/gestation, farrowing (3-4 weeks, nursery (to 50 lbs)(feeder pigs), finishing (270 lbs) |
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Term
| Segregated early weaning is on how many sites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What allowed producers to specialize in one area of swine production? |
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Definition
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Term
| Swine production pre 1970's was bad because of what 3 reasons? |
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Definition
| Most was outside which made it hard to maintain health and birds transferring diseases, piglets getting crushed by sows, and bedding was causing bacterial growth |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of production systems for swine? |
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Definition
| Farrow-Finish, Farrow-Wean, Wean-Finish, Farrow-Feeder, Feeder-Finish |
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Term
| What type of production contains all stages of the life cycle and needs the most pigmanship skills? |
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Definition
| Farrow-Finish (jack of all trades) |
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Term
| What type of production has breeding, gestation, farrowing, and lactation, pigs are sold at weaning and sent to a wean finish operation? |
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Definition
| Farrow-Wean (wean at 17-18 weeks, 10-12 lbs) |
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Term
| What type of production requires less pigmanship skills, has split sex feeding, and market weight of 270 lbs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of production has breeding, gestation, farrowing, lactation, and nursery which can be off site? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of production has the least pigmanship necessary and practice AIAO (all in all out)? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the commercial swine industry, what animal is the most important? |
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Definition
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Term
| Age of puberty of sows is what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The duration of estrous and estrus in the sow? |
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Definition
| Estrous = 21 days, Estrus = 2-3 days |
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Term
| Why is there a high turnover rate of young females after the 1st estrus postpartum? |
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Definition
| Females not returning back into estrus |
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Term
| What is the best way to detect sow/gilts that are in estrus? |
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Definition
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Term
| When a sow stands for back pressure is called what? |
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Definition
| Lordosis or standing estrus |
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Term
| What are 3 mating systems used in the Swine industry? |
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Definition
| Pen mating, Hand mating, and AI |
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Term
| What mating system uses natural service, sued on natural/organic farms, 1 boar to 5-10 females, much less labor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mating system uses natural service, bring boar to sow, observe mating, separate boar and sow, labor intensive? |
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Definition
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Term
| On average, boars can produce enough semen to inseminate how many females? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mating system uses fresh semen, used by large intergrators, collected from boars on site? |
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Definition
| Artificial Insemination (AI) |
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Term
| Why are Gestation crates not liked? |
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Definition
| Animal cannot turn around |
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Term
| Farrowing stalls provide what for the piglets and sows? |
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Definition
| Provide protection from mom crushing babies, and provides dual heat for mom and babies (mom = <70 degrees) (piglets = 85-95 degrees) |
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Term
| Gestation crates with wood are bad why? |
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Definition
| Sanitation issue, wood cant be cleaned |
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Term
| Swine feed counts for what percentage of production cost? |
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Definition
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Term
| A "pot" carries how many pigs to harvest? |
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Definition
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Term
| In world meat consumption, what place is pork? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country is the #1 pork consumer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country is the 2nd pork consumer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What country is the 3rd pork consumer? |
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Definition
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Term
| First cattle in the US was brought to what state and by who? |
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Definition
| Florida by Ponce De Leon (1513) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What industry segment has the role of providing genetic bases for the industry, composed of 2 type of operations (elite, multiplier), and product of purebred breeding stock with primarily bulls? |
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Definition
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Term
| What industry segment has the role of producing young calves that the industry will purchase, grow-out, and untimely harvest? |
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Definition
| Cow-Calf segment (Florida beef industry) |
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Term
| What state is #1 for beef cows? |
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Definition
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Term
| Primarily weaned calves are 500 lbs and between how many months of age? |
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Definition
| 5-7 months old (mostly 6) |
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Term
| What are cull cows and bulls turned into? |
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Definition
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Term
| What state is 2nd for beef cows? |
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Definition
| Oklahoma (Florida is 12th) |
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Term
| In the Cow-Calf segment, what are the 3 production factors of importance? |
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Definition
| % calf crop, weaning weight, and dam performance |
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Term
| What industry segment has the role of forage based growth program that is seasonal, the objective to increase frame size and minimize fattening,where majority of them feed using winter wheat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What industry segment has the role of finish cattle using high energy rations, composed of 2 main types of operations (commercial and farmer-feeder), have to be monitored due to grain feeding? |
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Definition
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Term
| With having 85% grain being feed at feedlots, what can happen to the cattle? |
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Definition
| pH of the rumen can be lowered from lactic acid which decreases respiration |
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Term
| What state is #1 in feedlots? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 production factors of importance in feedlots? |
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Definition
| Increase average of daily gain, decrease feed to grain, and yield and quality (choice beef) |
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Term
| What industry segment has the role that humanely convert live animals to safe and wholesome meat products(boxed beef)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the top 4 packers that harvest 80-85% of cattle? |
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Definition
| 1)Cargill Meat Solutions, 2)Tyson, 3)JBS, 4)National Beef Packing Company |
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Term
| What industry segment deals with retail to grocery, restaurants, and food services? |
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Definition
| Retail and Consumer segment |
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Term
| Largest grocery store in meat retail? |
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Definition
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Term
| 63% of beef consumed at home is what kind of meat? |
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Definition
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Term
| 75% of restaurants serve what kind of beef? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the average consumer cook their steak? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beef cattle breed are categorized into what 2 species? |
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Definition
| Bos Taurus and Bos Indicus |
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Term
| Beef cattle breeds are categorized into what 5 types? |
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Definition
| British, Continental, American, Dairy, and Dual purpose |
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Term
| What British beef cattle is known for its marbling, is black, and gets to choice very easily? |
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Definition
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Term
| What British beef cattle has all the same characteristics of the black Angus cattle, but is red? |
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Definition
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Term
| What British beef cattle is brown with white or red and white, is polled or horned, and is not that common? |
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Definition
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Term
| What British beef cattle is dual purpose by dairy/meat, and make good moms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is a french breed, white, large frames with a lot of muscle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is a french breed, red/brown, and large framed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is white, very large, and a high strong temper? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is from Switzerland, large framed, and has good mothering abilities? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is German bred, large frame size, and muscles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is gray/tan, dual purpose milking/meat, gave rise to Brown Swiss, and not widely used in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Continental beef cattle is from France, dual purpose maternal/milking, red, and used a little in US? |
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Definition
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Term
| What American beef cattle is known for its ears and hump, cream/grays, great moms, not good for feedlots, best known for its tolerances for heat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What American beef cattle is red, dual purpose maternal/muscle, and likes cooler climates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What American beef cattle is black and a cross between Brahman (3/8) and Angus (5/8)? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What American beef cattle is red and a cross between Brahman and Red Angus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What American beef cattle has a white face and brown body, developed in Florida, and a cross between Brahman and Hereford? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What American beef cattle is brow/red, developed in Texas, cross between a Brahman and a Shorthorn? |
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Definition
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Term
| What Dairy beef cattle is more known for its milking then meat and is black and white? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What Spanish beef cattle is not used in breeding programs, tolerate to Florida climate , and very small? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the trend in beef breeds? |
|
Definition
| Black hide due to certified Angus beef program |
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Term
| What are the Top 2 Continental beef cattle breeds? |
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Definition
| Angus (48.2%) and Charolais (9.5%) |
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Term
| What are the 3 beef cattle breeding programs used? |
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Definition
| Terminal crossbreeding, Rotational crossbreeding (most common),and Composite |
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Term
| Beef cattle has good monocular vision but poor what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 colors can beef cattle see? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What do beef cattle use to distinguish between other cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beef cattle's hearing are sensitive to what kind of noises? |
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Definition
| Sensitive to loud, high pitched noises |
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Term
| What is the animals personal space that handlers can move the animal with? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the beef cattle's point of balance? |
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Definition
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Term
| Beef cattle have a social behavior that is called Gregarious. What does it mean? |
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Definition
| Herd instinct, follow the leader |
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Term
| What is the normal temperature of a beef cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How long is the beef cattle's estrous cycle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the saliva production of beef cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ideal BCS in beef cattle? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major eye problems in beef cattle? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where on the cattle are proper injection sites? |
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Definition
| inner muscle injections on the neck, and subcutaneous injections behind the front leg |
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Term
| What is important to have for health records in beef cattle? |
|
Definition
| ROA = Route of Administration |
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|
Term
| What does LA stand for on a processing chart for beef cattle? |
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Definition
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