Term
|
Definition
| Removes waste products, helps regulate blood volume, and body pH. Also produces erythropoietin and renin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Functional unit of the kidney. Blood filtration happens here. |
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Term
| Urinary System Functions: |
|
Definition
1. Regulates body water (which regulates blood volume and pressure)
2. Filters Blood
3. Maintains electrolyte balance
4. Reabsorbs water and useful constituents
5. Regulates acid/base balance (body pH)
6. Collects and stores urine. |
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Term
| Mammalian Urinary System Components: |
|
Definition
1. 2 kidneys
2. 2 ureters-carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
3. urinary Bladder- stores urine
4. Urethra- drains urine from urinary bladder and carries it out of the body. |
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Term
| Avian Urinary System Components: |
|
Definition
1. 2 kidneys
2. 2 ureters- carry urine from the kidneys to the cloaca
3. Cloaca- junction of the ureters, colon and reproductive tract in birds.
4. Urine is stored in the large intestine or colon |
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Term
| Basic Anatomical Concepts: |
|
Definition
1. Externally, the kidney is bean shaped
2/ Exceptions to that: Birds and cattle are lobular. The horse's right kidney is heart-shaped.
3. Kidneys develop by the backbone just below the last rib and outside of the peritoneum that encloses the viscera. |
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Term
| Urinary End Products of Nitrogen Metabolism |
|
Definition
1. Both mammals and avians excrete urine that contains urea, uric acid, ammonia, and creatinine as well as other nitrogen containing compounds.
2. In mammals, the primary nitrogen containing compound in the urine is urea. This is the end product that is produced when protein is digested.
3. IN both species, the end product of nitrogen from nucleic acids is uric acid.
4. In birds, nitrogen from protein metabolism is also made into uric acid, thus the primary nitrogen compound in the urine is uric acid. |
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Term
|
Definition
The outer part of the Kidney. Brown in color. the renal corpuscle lives here.
Function: filter the blood, producing the glomerular filtrate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The inner part of the kidney |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cone shaped structures. Purplish red in color. The base is contiguous with the renal cortex. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Located between the renal pyramids and are extensions of the cortex into the medulla that support the cortex of the kidney. Composed of blood vessels and cortical material. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Funnel shaped opening in the kidney that initially receives urine from the collecting ducts. Appears white from the connective tissue lining this area. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The glomerulus and the glomerular capsule, filters the blood. |
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Term
|
Definition
Includes the proximal convoluted tubule, the Loop of Henle, and the distal convoluted tubule.
Converst the filtrate into urine via reabsorption and secretion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes steroid hormones, including aldosterone and cortisone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes epinephrine (adrenalin) and norepinephrine. |
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Term
| Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) |
|
Definition
Filtrate produced per minute by both kidneys
(Functionally, this is the work rate of the kidneys) |
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Term
| Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH) |
|
Definition
| Excreted by the posterior pituitary in the brain and increases water reabsportion by the kidney. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Streroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex. It increases Na+ retentino by the kidney |
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Term
|
Definition
| An enzyme, secreted by the kidney. Converts angiotensinogen into the hormone angiotensin I. This ultimately increases the release of aldosterone. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the heart artia and decreases Na+ retention by the kidneys |
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Term
|
Definition
| A protein hormone secreted by the kidney, which acts to stimulate red blood cell (erythrocyte) production in the bone marrow. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Function is prehension and particle reduction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Prehension, mixing and tasting |
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Term
|
Definition
| Release a mix of salivary amylase, mucin, and bicarbonate in a water solution. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Connects pharynx to the stomach. Function is to transport food and drink from the pharynx to the stomach by peristalsis. |
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Term
|
Definition
Functions is storage, mixing and physical break down of food, initiates digestion. Produces, mucous, HCl, pepsinogen, and intrinsic factor.
Newborns produce rennin. Rennin curdles milk and prolongs the residence in intestine better and better digestion and absorption. |
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Term
Esophageal Sphincter
(Cardiac Sphincter) |
|
Definition
| Valve that allows entry of food into the stomach and prevents regurgitation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Valve that controls stomach emptying. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Longitudinal wrinkles inside the stomach that become more prominent as the stomach empties. The allow the stomach to expand as necessary. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The stomach lining contains depressions or gastic pits. The pits contain secretory cells and they form the gastric glands. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Secret the hormone Gastrin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Secrete HCl and intrinsic factors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Overlays the stomach. Anatomically, it is part of the messentary. Physiologically, leukocytes produced here. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Processes nutrients, regulates nutrient levels in blood, produces bile, angiotensinogen, and IGF-1, degreades or neutralizes hormones, drugs and toxins. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sotres bile, releases (excretes) bile into duodenum. |
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Term
|
Definition
Produces PCLAT
P-Procarboxypeptidase
C- Chymotrypsinogen
L- Lipase
A- Amylase
T-Trypsinogen
Also produces Bicarbonate and the hormones insulin and glucagon |
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Term
|
Definition
Produces the enzymes CAMELS:
C- Carboxypeptidase
A-Aminopeptidase
M-Maltase
E-Enterokinase
L-Lactase
S-Sucrase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces A LOT of Bicarbonate to increase the pH of the stomach Chyme. |
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Term
|
Definition
Absorbs FAT MACI:
FAT: Fatty Acids
M-Monosaccarides
A-Amino Acids
C-Calcium
I-Iron |
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Term
|
Definition
Absorbs WEBB:
W- Water
E-Electrolytes
B-Bile Salts
B- Vit. B12 |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Blind Sac.
Microbial fermentation of residual starches and some cellulose |
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Term
|
Definition
| Microbial fermentation of residual starches and some cellulose |
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Term
|
Definition
| Formation of characteristic shape of droppings. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Occurs to assist in the breakdown of feed. It has 4 stages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Food comes back up from reticulum |
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Term
|
Definition
| Salivary glands add more saliva (containing mucin and bicarb) wet the feed down again |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Salivary Glands (Ruminate) |
|
Definition
Produces BUM:
B-Bicarbonate
U-Urea
M-Mucin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Divided into 4 compartments |
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Term
|
Definition
| Initiated regurgitation. Honeycomb shape on the interior of the stomach. |
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Term
|
Definition
Microbial fermentation of residual starches and some cellulose.
Shag carpet appearance. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The True stomach. produces HCl, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor.
Newborns produce Rennin to curdle milk, for easier digestion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two folds that close when young suckles to cause the milk to bypass the reticulum and rumen, so that it is not fermented. The groove connects the esophagus to the omasum. |
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Term
|
Definition
Produces CAMEL
Same as monogastric, but without the sucrase. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Combined oral and pharyngeal space. No sharp distinction between the mouth and pahrynx in birds. Joint area for respiration and digestion |
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Term
|
Definition
| Taste. Flat, triangular with backward pointing papillae at the back of the mouth. Ensures food only goes one way. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A complex of cartilage and bone that strengthens and supports the tongue. Found in all birds and mammals. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes mucin, bicarb, and water. No amylase is produced by chickens or turkeys. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Passage way between oral and nasal cavities. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Common opening of the Eustachian Tubes. This remains open continuously to permit pressure equalization in flight. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Opening into the larynx. Closes to block food from entering the larynx. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Y-shaped organ responsible for vocalization in birds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Feed storage area. Soaking and storage happen here. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces lymphocytes and recycles old red blood cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The True stomach in birds. Produces HCl, mucous, and gastrin. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Grinds feed. Rocks and pebbles are found here. |
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Term
|
Definition
Produces enzymes:
Enterokinase, carboxypeptidase, aminopeptidase, maltase, and sucrase |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regulates the flow of materials from the ileum into the large intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Yolk stalk remnant. Marks junction of jejunum and ileuml Part of the immune system. Lymphocyte production |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chickens have 2 ceca. Microbial fermentation of residual starches and some cellulose. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The juncture of the uterers, colon,, and repro system in birds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces B-lymphocytes. Located dorsal to the cloaca.. Easily found in chicks, but regresses in adult birds. |
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Term
|
Definition
| External opening of the cloaca. Repro, urinary, and fecal material exits here. |
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Term
| Functions of the Male Repro System |
|
Definition
Produce Sperm
Produce Testosterone
Ejaculate semen during copulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Located within the testes, they are the area where sperm production occurs. |
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Term
| Leydig cells (Interstitial Cells) |
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Definition
| Surrounds the seminiferous tubules in the testes and produce testosterone. |
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Term
| Sertoil Cells (Sustenacular Cells) |
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Definition
| Prevents the immune system from becoming sensitive to antigens in the developing sperm by forming the Blood-Testes barrier around each seminiferous tubule. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carries sperm out of the seminiferous tubules into the head of the epididymis |
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Term
Head of the Epididymis
(Caput Epididymis) |
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Definition
| Fluid absoprtion occurs to increase the concentration of sperm |
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Term
Body of the Epididymis
(Corpus Epididymis) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Tail of the Epididymis
(Cauda Epididymis) |
|
Definition
| Furthest point from the body, Sperm is stored here to prevent being killed by higher body temps. |
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Term
|
Definition
| When sexual excitement occurs, it takes the sperm from the tail of the spididymis to the urethra. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscular widening of the vas deferens found immediately prior to the juncture of the vas deferens and the urethra. Contracts to speed up ejaculation. |
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Term
|
Definition
Seminal vesicles
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral Gland
All of the above are paired. Function to secrete accessory fluid |
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Term
| Accessory Gland Fluid Function |
|
Definition
Neutralize acidity in urethra
Supply nutrients fro sperm
Activate sperm
In Pigs: Supply a gel plug that prevents breeding by other males. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Copulatory organ in the male. Delivers sperm into the female repro tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
Does not change in diameter or length
High content of connective tissue.
controlled by the Penis Retractor muscle. |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscle that is contracted to keep penis in the body.
When relaxed, the penis can come out of the sheath and copulate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The S shape the penis takes on when the retractor penis muscle is contracted. Keep the penis in the body. |
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Term
|
Definition
Contains mostly vascular tissue with little connective tissue.
Erection occurs when the vascular tissue fills with blood and increases in lenght and diameter.
Humans and stallions have this type of penis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Countercurrent cooling system. Cools the incoming blood from the body and heats up the blood leaving the testes. |
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Term
|
Definition
Located within the scrotum.
Contracts to thicken=keeps testes warm
Relaxes to thin out=keeps testes cool |
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Term
|
Definition
| Muscle that raises or lowers the testes for warmth or cooling. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Farathers point in the male body. Keeps sperm at the right temperature. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms the ova, and synthesizes P4, E2, and other sex hormones. Contains all of the ova at time of birth. Ova are contained in follicles. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ovum is surrounded by squamous follicular cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contains the ovum surrounded by one layer of granulosa cells. These cuboidal cells contain an underlying membrane. The ovum has increases in size. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contains the ovum surrounded by two or more layers of granulosa cells. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Contains antrum. Initially the granulosa cells secrete follicular fluid that forms little pools between the gransulosa cells surrounding the ova. As the follicle matures, these enlarge ans coalesces into one large antrum. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contains many layers of granulosa cells and a large antrum. The mature follicle will ovulate, expelling the egg amisdt a cloud of follicular fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| THe first ovarian structure produced after ovulation. It is filled with blood from the bursting of capillaries during ovulation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Produces progesterone. Maintained throught out pregnancy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| White scar on the ovary. The CL turns into the CA when implantation does no occur in the uterus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sex hormone produced by the follicles that is responsible for libido, secondary sex characteristics, and maternal behavior. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sex hormone produced by the CL that is responsible for quieting the uterus during pregnancy. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Surrounds the ovary, but is not attached to it. Catches the egg during ovulation when active fimbriae guide the egg down the repro tract. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Contains ampulla, isthmus, and ampullary-isthmus junction. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The first part of the oviduct, which is lined with cilia to assist the egg in moving down the tract. |
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Term
| Ampullary-Isthmus Junction |
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Definition
| Place where the ampulla and isthmus meet. Site of fertilization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Second part of the oviduct, which is more muscular than the ampulla. Connects the ampulla to the uterus. Carries fertilized egg to the uterus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Consists of the uterine horn and the uterine body. Where pregnancy is established and where nutrient exchange between mother and fetus occurs via the placenta. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The innermost layer of the uterus. Initially functions to secrete histotroph that provides nutrition to the embryo. Latter attaches to feed through the blood stream. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Middle layer of the uterus. A muscular layer that functions to expel the fetus during parturition and causes cramps during menstruation. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Passageway between the uterus and vagina.
Functions:
1. Protective: Prevents microorganisims from entering the uterus.
2. Sperm Reservoir: Sperm is stored in the crevices of the cervix.
3. Lubrication: During parturition in women, it will dilate 10 cm. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receptacle for penis during copulation and place of semen deposit in most species. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Highly innervated part responsible for the orgasmic response. It evolves from the same tissue type as the male penis. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Female external genitalia. Which are the orifice for the urinary tract. There can be one or two pair, depending on species. |
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Term
|
Definition
No Horns
Large Uterine Body
1 Cervix
Species: Humans and Primates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Large Horns
No Uterine Body
2 Cervix
Species: Rodents, lagomorphs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Large to Moderate Horns
Small to Moderate Uterine Body
1 Cervix
SpeciesL Pig, cow, mare, sheep and goat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between dam and fetus. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The innermost avascular membrane around the fetus. Filled with amniotic fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Middle Membrane filled with fluid. This is what breaks when the water breaks. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outermost layer of the placenta. Avascular. The nutrients come from the fusion with the allantois. Contains the necrotic tips that reduce hormonal transfer in litter bearing species. |
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Term
|
Definition
Many attachments from fetus to mother.
Species: Pig and horse |
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Term
|
Definition
Fetus: Cotyledon
Mother: Caruncle
Cotyledon + caruncle= placentome
Speices: Ruminants |
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Term
|
Definition
Line of attachments
Species: Dogs and Cats |
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Term
|
Definition
Placent burrows into uterine wall
Species: Primates and Rodents |
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Term
|
Definition
Located inside body cavity, by Kidneys
Functions: Sperm Production and testosterone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Functions: Increase sperm motility and fertilizing capabilities |
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Term
|
Definition
| Functions: Sperm Storage, maximizing motility and fertility, maturation, and adding accessory fluid to sperm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Receives sperm from the vas deferens |
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Term
|
Definition
| Responsible for Ova production and estrogen production. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most visible follicles are white and as large as 2 mm in diameter. There are numerous follicles. There are usually 4 to 6 large yolk filled follicles (yellowish to orange in color) and 2 to 4 cm in diameter. Largest Follicle is the F1, next largest F2, and next one is F3 |
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Term
|
Definition
| Site of Ovulation. There are NO blood vessels in this area. As a result, there will be no bleeding after ovulation. No CH, CL, or CA form in the bird. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Catches the ova when it is ovulated. Location of sperm storage and fertilization. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secretes the albumen protein or the white of the egg. |
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Term
|
Definition
| the two shell membranes are deposited. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Plumping, the taking up of water, occurs. Egg shell and shell pigment deposited. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rotates the egg from the pointed end down to round end down. |
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Term
| Egg Laying Process: Ovulation |
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Definition
| Occurs in the Infundibulum. Sperm fertilizes the egg and the vitelline membrane is strenghtened. The egg is here for 15 minutes (1/4 hour) |
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Term
| Egg Laying Process: Magnum |
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Definition
| This is the glandular structure responsible for the secretion of the albumen protein. The egg is here for 3 hours! |
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Term
| Egg Laying Process: Isthmus |
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Definition
The inner and outer shell are laid here. This takes an hour and 15 minutes (1 1/4 hours)
The egg will be soft-shelled at this point |
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Term
| Egg Laying Process: Uterus |
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Definition
| Plumping (uptake of water) happens here. Also, the outer shell and pigment are laid down here. this takes 20 hours and 45 minutes to complete! (20 3/4) |
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Term
| Egg Laying Process: Vagina |
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Definition
| Egg is rotated pointed end up. This takes 15 minutes! (1/4 hour) |
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|
Term
| Egg Laying Process: Oviposition |
|
Definition
| Laying the actual egg! the egg passes through the cloaca. This takes place a 1/2 hour after egg rotation in the vagina. |
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