Term
|
Definition
EX: dog & cat
*shorter/thicker SI compared to omni/herbi
*lrg/simp stomach (all glandular- acid, protpalytic enz)
*dense protein diet (stomach digest prot)
*LI simp w/ cecum (not lot ferm b/c low fiber) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EX: rat, pig, human
*longer SI
*cecum = appendix (not func)
*complex lrg int b/c eat plant/animal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*eat plants
*HIND GUT FERM
*FORE GUT FERM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SMALL ANIMALS
EX: guinea, hamster, rabbit,chinchilla
HAMSTER: both hind/fore (simp, complex fore; has some microbial ferm)
*eat cecotroph
LRG ANIMALS
EX: pony, rhino, elephant
*no cecotroph
*complex LI, b/c need ferm
*Simp stomach
*LI lumpy (sacculations/ hastrum) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
EX: ruminants, sloth, kangaroo, llama
*no bulk ferm
*before sm int?
*dec # sacculations
*microorgs prod all B vits & vit K
*can feed low quality diet & microrg will ferment (get microbial AA + protein)
SHEEP, LLAMA
complex forgut and simp hindgut
*b/c bulk already ferm b4 passed out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *inc SA for reabsorption of electrolytes and H2O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*lumpy gut
*slows down food for fermentation & inc abs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Sm Hind Gut Ferm
*need to eat b/c gain gain nut produced in LI
*B vits, vit K, microbial AA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BEHAVIORS
*foraging: some anim need forage (guinea)
*predation: dec in capt
E COST
*need to spend E made
*overloading E = obesity/anxious
*xs stored as fat
NECESSARY FOR SURV |
|
|
Term
| Feeding Non-captive species |
|
Definition
AVAILABILITY
*variable
*efficiently store food (fast/famine)
*body cope w/ good/bad meals
*E content
PHYSIO RESPONSE
*xs converted
*protection- store/ conserve E
*min need more forage/pred |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
AVAILABILITY
*food readily available
PHYSIO RESPONSE
E cost dec b/c given (not hunted)
*E content consistent (2x day)
*E dense food
*E from srabo, prot, fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LOW E DENS
*has inc levels of low E stuff (fiber)
HIGH E DENS
*dogs added fats in diets (b/c can handle)
*cats need more fat b/c don't eat carbo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*NORMAL: E intake > E expenditure
*weight gain -> obesity
*easier to have overweight sm dogs
*emaciated < UW < ideal < OW < obese
*1/2 dog overweight/obese
*95% owners incorrectly ID norm weight
OW: 10-15% above ideal
OBESE: >15% ideal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) E storage
2) Lipid bilayer memb
3) Protect
-internal fat support/ cushion org
4) Insulation
-subcutaneous adipose/fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*xs visceral fat
*chronic state of inflammation
DETRIMENTAL HEALTH
*predisposes to other cond b/c body has stim immune syst (metabolic synd, dec activity old)
*inc mortality
*shorter life |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
BREED PREDIPOSITION
(certain breeds gain weight fast)
AGE
*metab slow, and less act as old
GENDER
*young female b/c body func
NEUTER/ SPAY
*hormonal influence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*E density of balanced diet
*Palatability( inc food drive of anim)
*lack of excerise
*ad libitum feeding
-dog stomach expand so lrg meals, cats dont expand so sm meals |
|
|
Term
| Anthropomorphism and nutrition |
|
Definition
*perecption of "ideal" weight
*feed scraps/ treats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*need to know what is it and how to determine
*visual and palpitation
*differs based on breed and animal |
|
|
Term
Body Condition Scoring (BCS)
DOGS |
|
Definition
PALPATION
*backbone
*tail head
*over ribs
(have lots fat, forms bussel near tail)
VISUAL APPRAISAL
*side view- abdominal tuck
*overhead view- waist
(flank cut differs based on breed
*lay on fat top -> bottom, front -> back |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*1-9
*UW: 1-4
IDEAL: 4-5
OBESE: 6-9
*vertebrae and hip bone easily palpable
*waist observed behind ribs
*abdominal tuck
*ribs easily palpable w/ min fat covering |
|
|
Term
Body Condition Scoring (BCS)
CATS |
|
Definition
- have fat pad
-need tuck/ hourglass
- body type: foreign (long), cobby (thick bones) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*ribs felt individually/ not prominent
*hips/spine not visible but can feel
*no abdom curve
*chest narrower than hind
*need to see feet
*#3 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*hip bones, ribs, spine felt like pens (not round, sharp)
*no abdom bulge
*rump area flat |
|
|
Term
| Major problems for Captive animals |
|
Definition
OBESITY
*dominant theme for companion animals
*livestock prod NOT b/c production
DENTAL HEALTH |
|
|
Term
| GI Tract & Healthy diet selection |
|
Definition
HOW DOES FEED...
1) relate to gut func
2) contribute to obesity risk
3) affect dental disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*grinding molars/pre (high fiber diet)
-premolars @ risk
*incisors (cont growing)
-worn down w/ ad libitum hay/ pellets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
RABBITS
*have genetic based probs w/ teeth
GUINEA
*probs w/ molars, malloclusions (30 angle in mouth)
*enamel bridge over tongue
CHINCHILLA
*enamel points (irritate tissue)
SHEEP & GOATS
*both incisors, top dental pad
*grind, need high fiber
*NOT cont growth
*age, lose incisors
*use tongue to grab (select by nuzzle -> not selective)
HORSE
*incisor teeth (nippers-> can eat anything)
*well developed grinding molars
*over/under bite cause malocclusion |
|
|
Term
| Omnivores & Carnivores Dentals |
|
Definition
*incisors & canine teeth (nip & shred tissue)
*lrg premolar (carnassial) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*lrg premolar
*crush bone/ tissue
*has prob b/c needs to be used but not w/ easy dog food |
|
|
Term
| Omnivores & Carnivores Animals |
|
Definition
CAT
*1 molar on all 4 sides
*3 carnassial on all 4 sides
DOG
*2 molars on all 4 sides
*4 carnassial on all 4 sides
*means more vegetation |
|
|
Term
Form and function comparison
(dog, cat, horse) |
|
Definition
all have same incisors, canine
*cat dec premolar/molar
*dog & horse have sim #s pre/molar
- > ability for plant
*dogs scavengers, cats don't need molar/pre |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*grinding teeth
DOG- triangle (crush and grind)
HORSE- square, flat surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*abrasiveness
*need fibrous for grind
*pelley vs hay
- diff styles eating = diff wear
*dens of pellets important
*balance growth of teeth w/ what eat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*extruded product (inc press push through dye gives shape
*reccomend for good dental health (dg/cat)
-has basic nut & mix, ground up =compelte
*differ in size, shape, text, dens
-shapes dont affect health
- dens for dental health diet needs inc
fiber or dental supplements
*need to consider size of kibble relative to mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*causes probs for dental
*usually canned products
*additives to keep shape & gravy
- cause to stick to teeth
*some health probs need wet diets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*needed for surv in wild
*eating keeps healthy teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LESS ABRASION CAUSES
1) buildup on teeth
- gives bact location to live and eat
2) bact on teeth cause inflammation of gum
3) receding gum line, teeth loss |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*focus on longevity
-need strong IS
-growth and maintenance contribute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*prevent/ limit infection
*recognize self vs nonself (antigens)
*derived from patho, virus, host cells, allergens
*responds appropriately to agents
*COMPOSE: skin, lymph syst, lymph nodes, mucosal tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *body having response to its own self, something not foreign |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NOT ACTIVATED
infection
NOT REGULATED (turned off once danger passes)
*allergic rxn
*auto immune disease
ACTIVATED W/O REAL THREAT
allergic rxn
*auto immune disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*1st line of defense
*constantly wash away over time
*physical barrier
*innate response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*transport of immune cells
*has nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*communication hub where immune cells sample info brought into body looking for foreign
*accumulation of immune cells sample info
*make sure whole body is protected |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*prime entry points for pathogens
*contain immune hubs for protection (resp/GI)
*gut linning & lungs major source of antigenic material
*prevents exposure
*physical barrier |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*checking node size
*inflammation/ influx cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SUBMANDIBULAR
- below jaw
CERVICAL
- throat
AXILLARY
-front arm pit
THORACIC
-on back
INGUAL
-inner flank
POPLITEAL
-back flank |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
SPECIES SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
ACTIVE IMMUNITY |
|
|
Term
| Species Specific Immunity |
|
Definition
*differences in susceptibility
*certain species wont get sick b/c dont have receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*relies on colostrum
*animal receiving immunity not doing anything
*transient & temporary
*immunity from other source and not replenished
*natural (colostrum), induced (give antibodies, snake antivenom) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*stim immune response
*exposure allows body to remember for next time
*natural (get sick -> better), induced (vaccinate)
*threat detect -> innate (immediate) -> adaptive (long) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*natural, initial rxn (recog nonself)
*recognize virus, bact, fungi, noninfectious tissue
*nonspecific
*innate immune cells
*find general patters
*need rapid response (for host defense) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*GOOD: b/c says IS working
BAD: could break tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*quick and broad response b/c antigen, leads to inflammation
*process antigens, present to adaptive cell, activate adaptive immunity
*EX: phagocytic cells (neturohills, macrophages)
- engulf and destroy invading antigen |
|
|
Term
| Acquired Immunity (Adaptive) |
|
Definition
*req prioir exposure to antigen
*1st expose =slower response (subseq expo = fast resp)
*acquired immune cells (B,T)
*checks and balances (don't need unnecessary activation)
*auto reactive cells need to be deleted (autoimmune)
*sp barriers (eyes)
*immune memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*B, T cells
*memory cell poised to react if same antigen enters again
*potential threat cleared before established |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
B CELLS
*unique receptor that recognize specific antigens rather than general patterns
*make antigen specific antibodies to neutralize threat
*memory
T CELLS
*unique receptor that recognize specific antigens rather than general patterns
*kill infected cells and activate/ recruit immune cells
*memory |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*how long memory cells last
*differs per vaccination
DOG: every 3 yrs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1) TRAIN IS TO FIGHT OFF CERTAIN PATHO
2) ACQUIRE IMMUNITY TO DISEASE
3) ACHIEVES IMMUNE MEMORY W/O INFECTION
4) BODY PREPARED WHEN VIRUS/BACTERIUM PRESENT
5) FASTER RESPONSE TIME TO PREVENT ESTABLISHMENT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MOD LIVE
INACTIVATED
*killed form of infectious agent cant cause disease
*not as effective- mult vaccinations req
INTRANASAL
*stim local IgA immunity (mucosa of resp tract)
*effective against upper resp infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*alive but weakened, response dramtic
*patho grow/replicate but cant take over
*stim strong active immunity
*need to consider: how healthy anim is (no immunocompromised), nursing young |
|
|
Term
| Modified live vaccines for mom -> young |
|
Definition
*can hinder effectiveness of initial vaccination
*maternal antibodies inactivate injected patho b4 replicate enough to stim active immunity
*puppy and kitten vaccine series |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*w/ mod live, microbes interfere w/ anibodies (antibodies clear IS too fast)
*no immunocompromised animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*sterile @ birth
*low protyalytic enz act (need high qual dietary protein)
*high lactase (dec w/ age), low panc amylase (inc w/ age)
*slow transition of starches to allow adaptation (destroy GI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*initiated w/ colostrum (w/in 24hrs birth, depend on anima)
*no antibod absorbed 24hr after |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| *protein can be absorbed in the w/o being broken |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*high [Ig] (origin from mom bloodstream)
*(IgG, IgM, IgA)
*species specific length of time (dog/cat 24)
*dom by IgG (systemic, broad spectrum Ig)
*diff # Ig/ diff amounts in teats (depend on mom)
*high [antitrypsin]
*can cross epithelium between 2 loosely asccoiated neonatal enterocytes |
|
|
Term
Concentration of Colostrum
(Dogs, Cats, Cow) |
|
Definition
DOGS
*60% G, 35% A, 5% M
CATS
*96% G, 2% A, 2% M
COW
90% A, 5% G, 5% M
*varies based on moms/ env |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*w/in 4hr, 50% red; @24, no abs
*immediately after birth = adequate IgG levels
*junc close from 4-6hr to allow Ig to pass intact
*mortality @ 16hr |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IgG
*main component of colostrum
*ingested IgG: abs from lumen -> lymph vess -> blood
IgA
*IgA abs in gut -> rapid secrete through mucosa (local immunity)
*absorbed but provided some protection
*stays in region of gut
IgM |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ENTEROCYTES
*cels of SI
COLONOCYTES
*cells of LI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*trypsin proteolytic digestive enc
*good b/c don't want digestion of bodily enz |
|
|
Term
Gut Associated Lymphoid Tissue
(GALT) |
|
Definition
*exposed to diverse and extensive antigens
*food and microorg
*only reactive when threatened
*90% GT, immune cells
*protects from patho |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*not amount immune response
*surrounds outer gut
*proportion of immune cells
*IgA producing cells dominate
*needs stimulation by GT microflora for healthy IS develop |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*feed antibiots to livestock cause inc growth
*subprotelytic
*growth b/c repressed bact in GI tract so no stim of IS and E used for growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*supposed to be there, indogenous
*pass through or adhere to mucous line
*population balanced under normal conditions
*dot pass through b/c cause inflammation
*if passes, IS needs to respond by secreting antibods |
|
|
Term
| Mucosal Tolerance of Commensal bact |
|
Definition
*dec immune responsiveness to lrg microbial burden
*ignorant of bact (dont know its there)
*benign bact can be pathogenic if damage in gut
*kept separate in lumen
*symbiotic relationship (ferm, protect)
*not chronic inflamed (b/c sampling env for bad/ immunological ignorance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*proteins need to be abs
* inc antigen load going through GI |
|
|
Term
| Oral Tolerance of Dietary Antigens |
|
Definition
*aware of them and allow b/c exposed everyday, but dont respond
*systematic hypo-responsiveness in consumine dietary antigens
*repeated exposure to same dietary antigens w/ no immune resp
*if dont develop -> inflammation (adverse rxn)
*not come from bact
*immune resp if bact cross GT barrier
*proteins cause most probs/ most antigenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*diverse commensal microbe pop (symbitic w/ host, protect patho)
*helathy intest epithelia
*funcal GALT
*healthy linning (no penetration of bact into host tiss)
*maintain commensal bact (protective bact)
*develop healthy IS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*can change/influence GT func
*modulation
*maintains epithelial integrity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*depleted bact
*once patho passes, attacks body |
|
|
Term
| Developing Microbe population |
|
Definition
EARLY INOCULATION
*birthing method
*acces to colostrum/ formula/ replacer
PROBIOTICS |
|
|
Term
| Distribution of bact in Monogastric |
|
Definition
STOMACH
*low pH, low #s
SM INT
*10^4 - 10^8 CFU/mL (medium)
LRG INT
*10^11 - 10^12 CFU/mL (large)
*very complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LUMEN
*inside of GT
*contains commensal bact, and dietary antigens
*surrounded by mucosa
MUCOSA
*surrounds lumen
*absorption of nut
*epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*lrg collection of immune cells that detect and respond
*underlies epithelial villi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*symbiotic bact introduced to GI
*always beneficial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*mucus linning, carbo & prot
*2 layers (loose, adherent)
*if bact adheres = problem |
|
|
Term
| Intestinal Surface/ barrier |
|
Definition
*enterocytes/coloocytes
*tight junc
*mucin layers
*antimicrobial peptides
*secretory IgA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*prevent bact penetration
*close early after birth, stay closed
*all cell have |
|
|
Term
| Dysfunction of gut barrier |
|
Definition
*destroyed tiss, less mucous prod
*chronic inflammation
*leaky gut- tight junc break, inc perm)
*inc translocation of bact (opportunistic patho)
*creates adverse rxn to diet
- dietary antigens pass unspecifically
-> IS creates antibos -> lose oral
tolerance
*more bact contact mucosal
*impaired func |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
STRESS
*stim contract in gut
SURGERY/ILLNESS
*off food eating = overgrowth pop
CHANGES iN DIEt/EAT HABITS
CONSUMPTION OF MEDS
*especially antibiots
*all give advantage to patho (use nut to maintain barrier integrity) |
|
|
Term
| Barrier Integrity/ quality |
|
Definition
*minimie incidence of disruptions
*PREVENTATIVE STRATS: maintain homeo GT
*THERAPEUTIC STARTS: return to balance
*NUTRITIONAL STARTS: probiotic culture
*use supplements in diet to help |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*use of beneficial microorgs to correct barrier disruptions
*inc numbers and activity of bact w/ health promoting properties until normal flora reestablished
*need defined composition
*maintain balance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*lactobaccilli & bifidobacteria
- endogenous to SI, LI
- beneficial bact
-bifido hard to grow out of GI
*provide protective barrier (inc resistance to patho)
*compettive exclusion (healing barrier?, nut) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT
*stim immune syst (GALT)
*prepped to better handle patho
*protected by maintain good pop
PREVENT/RED DURATION OF DIRRAHEA
*stress/ antibiot induced
PREVENT UP GIT DISEASE
*acid tolerant characteristics
*possible management of SIBO, IBD
*suppress growth of Helicobacter pylori, stress ulcers (b/c acid tolerant)
STABILIZATION OF GUT MUCOSAL
HEALTH
*inc antibit resistant bact w/ cont use
*alt to antibit therapy (GT disorder)
*red infect w/o overuse antibiots |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*some bact zoonotics (EX: reptile/amphibian salmonella)
*use probiotics to kill salmonella in rept so don't shed into env and infect others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (too much bact in sm int)
*inflammatory bowel disease (inflammation of GALT, lots of gas prod from bact ferm in LI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*enterococcus faecium
*fructooligosaccharide (substrate for beneficial bact, give competitive adv, prebiotic)
*lactobacillus fermentum |
|
|
