-prenatal (endiwn with birth)

-postnatal (to around 12 years)

-adulthood (through senescence)

lasts 9 months

3 trimesters

-from egg to embryo- organ devlopment

-length

-organ development and weight gain

influence  diseses a person may develop later in life

ex/ smoking, drinking, malnutrition

result in: malformation, low birth rate, death

1. neonatal

2. infancy

3. childhood- 3-7yrs old

4. juvenile- b:7-12 g:7-10

5. puberty- very short period

6. adolescent

developments at postnatal stage

-brain, dentition, motor and cognitive skills, sexual dimprphism, skeletal structure

-enviromental effects during childhood can affect growth and development

-reproduction

-aging

-senescence

reduction of the bodys ability to respond to stress

ex/ older people don't get warm as easily

reversable short term reactioon to the environment

individual level

acclimation (shiver) 

acclimatization (blood vessels constrict)

irreversible morphological or physical change

in reponse to environment

individual level

variation in the genes of an organism

population level

cultural: reduce activity level

physiological: increase production of RBC's and active areas of lung increase

developmental: grater lung volumes and broader chests

genetic: more hemoglobin to increase oxygen carrying ability of RBC's

1. are adapted to aboreal life

2. eat a variety of foods

3. invest a lot of time in a few offspring

anatomical characteristics of primates

hands

(5)

5 digits

prehensile hands and feet

opposable thumb (allows for gripping and grasping)

nails instead of claws (support for end of digit)

friction on palms

anatomical characteristics of primates

head-not mouth

(5)

increase reliance on vision (as opposed to smell, color vision, stereoscopy visionl, more accurate)

post-orbital bar (stability and protection for eyes)

de-emphasis on smell (loos of rhinarium)

brain complexity and expansion

anatomical characteristics of a primate

mouth

(3)

-generalized dental pattern

• incisors
• canines
• premolar
• molar

-2:1:2:3 human dental formula

-diastema, honing complex, sectorial pattern

bilophodant

-2 ridges

-old world monkeys

Y-5 molars

-5 points

-Y shape

- apes, humans

1 male, multi-female

1 female, multi-male

multi-male, multi-female

all-male

1 male, 1 female

solitary

-grooming (maintains social cohesion)

-alarm calls

-food sharing (usually mother to child)

-male to male

-female to female

-implication to sexual dimorphism (sexual selection and body size)

smell

vocal

visual

types of locomotion

(4)

-vertical clinging and leaping

-brachiation

-quadropedalism

-bipedalism

brachiation

(3)

true

modified (uses tail; NW monkeys)

semi (slower, no flight)

quadrupedalism

(3)

plantigrady (palms on ground)

knuckle walking

quadrumanous (weight on outside of hand)

New World Monkeys

central and south america

prehensile tails

flat noses with side facing nostrils

old world monkeys and apes

africa and asia

fewer pre-molars

nostrils are close together and down facing

divided into 2 superfamilies

-cercopithecoidea (OWM)

-hominioidea (apes and humans)

lemurs

"lemuroidea"

(8)

prosimian

lemurs and eye eyes

madagascar

VCL

short rhinasiums

grooming claw on each foot

tooth comb

omnivores

Lorises

"Lurisoidea"

(8)

prosimian

Africa and south asia

quadrapedal (some VCL)

small rhinariums

grooming claws

dental comb

insectivores

nocturnal

tarsiers

"tarsioidea"

(9)

prosimian

SE asia

VCL

no rhinariums

no tooth comb

grooming claws

omnivores

nocturnal

can jump high becuase of tarsil bone in foot

cebids

"cebidae"

(5)

NWM

omnivores

arboreal

parental investment

babies are usually twins... so fathers usually involved in childcare

atelids

"atelidae"

(5)

NWM

herbivores

arboreal

quadrapedal

exception: squirrel monkey is modified brachiation

colobines

"colobinae"

(6)

OWM & apes

herbivores

aboreal

bilophodant

ischial callosity

long tails, non-prehensile

anatomical characteristics of primates

body

presence of clavicle and flexible limb joints

(for swinging and grasping)

vertical body plan

diverse diets

conditions for fossilization to occur

(3:4)

hard tissues

a quick burial

favorable medium, includes

-stable soil

-non-acidic

-anaerobic (no oxygen)

-proper minerals (iron, silica)

examples of favorable medium for fossilization to occur

(2)

volcanic ash

sedimentary rock

biases in fossil record

(3)

-not all species represented

-more larger organisms than small

-large bones more common than small in individual fossils

epochs in the cenozoic era

(7)

holocene

pleistocene

pliocene

miocene

oligocene

eocene

paleocene

15,000 YA

humans dominant organism

1.6 MYA-15,000

henus homo arose

5.3-1.6 MYA

earliest hominids

date changed to 2.5 MYA

23.7-5.3 MYA

Golden Age of Apes

36.6- 23.7 MYA

Golden Age of Monkeys

57.8- 36.6 MYA

Prosimions

paleocene

need to find significance

relative dating

geological correlation of strata

ex/ ash has specific make-up

relative dating

biostratigraphy

study of life according to fossil record

useful over large stratigraphic areas

relative dating

used to date recent sites

ex/ using tools, pottery

relative dating

chemical dating

compares amounts of fluorine in bones

more fluorine, older

limitations: fossils destroyed some, requires fluorine in soil

absolute dating

organic

C14 is radioavctive

C12 is a stable isotope

half life of C14 is 5730 years

50,000-70,000 yBP

dates +/- 40 years

absolute dating

volcanic rock

older than 200,000 yBP

half life of 1.3 billion years

hypothosised that primates were eating insectsand other small creatures and needed highly specualized vision

smell no longer as necessary

absolute dating

examine fragments of metal to determine planets politary location at time of rock forming

volcanic rock

sedimentary rock

up to 5 MYA

adaptation to life in the trees.

grasping crucial to living in trees

binocular visin allowed for greater depth perseption

primate like mammals

terrestrial floor animal

Eocene primate

lemur like

teeth (fruit)

eocene primate

tarsier like

possible ancestor of modern tarsier

possible ancestor of anthropoid

toothcomb

primital molars

global cooling

new habitats formed

new primate group-anthropoids

Fayum Depression in Egypt

aegyptopithecus

(7)

oliogocene primate

no rhinarium

front and enclosed orbits

tail

2:1:2:3

arbporal quadraped

possible ancestor of catarrhines

miocene primates

(4)

climate changes

cooler, drier enviroments

new primate group emerged- apes

22MYS East Africa

miocene

ape like cranial features

ape like dentition

monkey life postrranial features

NO tail

plantigrade quadruped

highly likely ancestor of modern apes

miocene primate

europe, france and spain

chimpanzee size

ape dentition

modern apes form of locomotion

miocene primate

asia

thick enamel and jaw for eating hard foods

orangutan skull features

miocene primate

asia

massive body

ground life

thick enamel and thick jaw bone for eating hard foods

cultural- shelter, clothing, work, scheduling

physiological- shivers/goosbumps

developmental- higher skim temp

cultural- work, scheduling, shelter, clothing

physiological- sweating, vasodilation

-necessary to synthesize vitamin D

-destroys folate necessary for DNA synthesis

-damages cells and causes melanomas

skin color

closer to the equater, darker your skin

rickets and osteoporosis

hearst functioning

blood clotting

nueral tube defects in babies of pregnant women

sperm cell defects

skin cancer

breaks up DNA

folate necessary for DNA synthesis