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ANP 131 exam 3
Introduction to Anthropology
147
Anthropology
Undergraduate 1
06/02/2009

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Term
race
Definition
A folk category of the English language that refers to discrete groups of human beings who are uniformly seperated from one another on the basis of arbitrarily selected phenotypic traits.
Term
sickle-cell anemia
Definition
An often fatal genetic disease caused by a chemical mutation that changes one of the amino acids in normal hemoglobin; the mutant sickle-cell gene occurs with unusually high frquency in parts of Africa  where malaria is present.
Term
species
Definition
The largest naturally occurring population that is capable of interbreeding and producing fully fertile offspring.
Term
biophysical diversity
Definition
Outward biological appearence resulting from interaction of genes and environment; phenotype.
Term
dental anthropology
Definition
A specialization within biological anthropology; the study of the morphology of teeth across time and populations.
Term
Mississippi tradition
Definition
A prehostoric native American culture in the American Midwest, characterized by mound building, maize horticulture, and a particular set of mortuary customs.
Term
paleopathology
Definition
The study of disease patterns in extinct populations, primarily through the examination of skeletal remains.
Term
population pressure
Definition
The situation of population growth in a limited geographical area causing a decline in food production and resources and sometimes triggering technological change.
Term
Neolithic
Definition
The New Stone Age; prehistoric period beginning about 10,000 years ago in which peoples posessed stone-based technologies and depended on domesticated crops and/or animals.
Term
Mesolithic
Definition
The Middle Stone Age period between the end of the Paleolithic and the start of the Neolithic; referred to as Archaic cultures in the Americas.
Term
Archaic cultures
Definition
Term used to refer to Mesolithic cultures in the Americas.
Term
microlith
Definition
A small blade of flint or similar stone, several of which were hafted together in wooden handles to make tools; widespread in the Mesolithic.
Term
Natufian culture
Definition
A Mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 10,200 and 12,500 years ago. Earliest Mesolithic people known to have stored plant foods.
Term
domestication
Definition
An evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the gentic makeup of a population of plants or animals, sometimes to the extent that members of the population are unable to survive and/or reproduce without human assistance.
Term
vegeculture
Definition
The cultivation of domesticated root crops, such as yams and taro.
Term
Mesoamerica
Definition
The region encompassing southern Mexico and northern Central America.
Term
horticulture
Definition
Cultivation of crops carried out with simple hand tools such as digging sticks or hoes.
Term
agriculture
Definition
Intensive crop cultivation, employing plows, fertilizers, and/or irrigation.
Term
pastoralism
Definition
Breeding and managing migratoey herds of domesticated grazing animals, such as goats, sheep, cattle, llamas, or camels.
Term
V. Gordon Childe's theory on the origin of food production
Definition
Dramatic climate change took place during the period 10-9kya and people had to gather around oases to exist. This led people to intensify their efforts to manipulate and cultivate animals and plants living in close proximity to them.
Term
reasons for domestication
Definition
It seemed easier and we didn't foresee the consequences. We didn't have to go out and get the food, we could stay in one place creating sedintary societies.
Term
costs of domestication
Definition
Declining health and overreliance on a few food sources, as well as the beginning of stratified societies
Term
benefits of domestication
Definition
Sedentary living, furniture is built, clothing is woven,  pottery is made for storage and later decorated, and trade networks and regular exchange of resources occurs.
Term
*All four theories related to the origin of food production.
Definition
The oasis theory, the hilly flanks theory which states, "What's mine is mine, and what's yours is mine," as well as the population growth theory and the natural and cultural events convergence theory.
Term
civilization
Definition
In anthropology, a type of society marked
Term
Bronze Age
Definition
In the Old World, the period marked by the production of tools and ornaments of bronze; began about 5,000 years ago in China and Southwest Asia and about 500 years earlier in Southeast Asia.
Term
grave goods
Definition
Items such as utensils, figurines, and personal posessions, symbollically placed in the grave for the deceased person's use in the afterlife.
Term
hydraulic theory
Definition
The theory that explains civilization's emergence as the result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems, the functioning of which required full-time managers whose control blossomed into the first governing body and elite social class.
Term
action theory
Definition
The theory that self-serving actions by forceful leaders play a role in civilization's emergence.
Term
*All five theories on the coming of civilization.
Definition
Hydraulic theory, environmental barriers, trade-exchange system, religion and religious centers, and the action theory.
Term
*All five reasons for the decline of civilizations.
Definition
Environmental degredation, disease, war, social unrest and inequity, and population growth.
Term
*Four basic changes marking the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first cities.
Definition
Agricultural innovation, diversification of labor, central government, and social stratification.
Term
diffusion theory
Definition
A theory that cultural change occurs through a process by which traits of one society are borrowed by another.
Term
megalithic
Definition
Prehistoric archetectural structures made of large stones; typical of societies that were chiefdoms or early states.
Term
paleontology
Definition
The study of the fossils of ancient, usually extinct, animals and plants.
Term
population crash
Definition
A sudden and catastrophic decline in the population of an area, usually resulting from massive food shortages or introduced epidemic diseases.
Term
pollen analysis
Definition
A technique used by archaeologists for reconstructing the flora and ecology of a site by recovering pollen in the soil and identifying the species that produced them.
Term
population density
Definition
The ratio of the number of people per area of land; closely related to carrying capacity.
Term
agricultural development
Definition
Chenages in agriculture production intended to improve the system by producing more harvest per unit of land.
Term
hunter-gatherers
Definition
Peoples who subsist on the collection of naturally occurring plants and animals; food foragers.
Term
social stratification
Definition
An arrangements of statuses or groups within a society into a pattern of socially superior and inferior ranks; based on differential access to strategic resources.
Term
racism
Definition
A doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctuve physical characteristics.
Term
polymorphic
Definition
A term to describe species with alternative forms (alleles) of particular genes.
Term
polytypic
Definition
The expression of genetic variants in different frequencies in different populations of a species.
Term
cline
Definition
A gradual change in the frequency of an allele or trait over space.
Term
epicanthic eye fold
Definition
A fold of skin at the inner corner of the eye that covers the true corner of the eye; common in Asianatic populations.
Term
lactose
Definition
A sugar that is the primary constituant of fresh milk.
Term
lactase
Definition
An enzyme in the small intestine that enables humans to assimilate lactose.
Term
thrifty genotype
Definition
Human genotype that permits efficient storage of fat to draw on in times of food storage and conservation of glucose and nitrogen.
Term
melanin
Definition
The chemical responsible for dark skin pigmentation that helps protect against damage from ultraviolet radiation.
Term
*Features that people who practice racism judge others based upon.
Definition
Physical appearences, behavior, and intelligience.
Term
*Features anthropologists judge others based upon.
Definition
Culture, ethnicity, religion, or beliefs.
Term
Bergman's Rule
Definition
The tendency for the bodies of mammals living in cold climates to be shorter and rounder than members of the same species living in warm climates.
Term
Allen's Rule
Definition
The tendency of mammals living in cold climates to have shorter appendages (arms and legs) than members of the same species living in warm climates.
Term
*Why is it important to look at race and racism the way that anthropologists do?
Definition
In order to understans, show tolerance, show empathy, and to practice cultural pluralism.
Term
*Ways we look at human variation and diversity.
Definition
Physical characteristics such as adaptations and mutations, genetic drift, gene flow, genetic pool, cline, blood groups and type, body build(two rules), nutrition(culturally dependant), and diseases(both genetic and infectious).
Term
developmental adaptation
Definition
A permanent phenotypc variation derived from interaction between genes and the environment during the period of growth and development.
Term
secular trend
Definition
A physical difference among related people from distinct generations that allows anthropologists to make inferences about environmental effects on growth and development.
Term
physiological adaptation
Definition
A short-term physiological change in response to a specific environmental stimulus. An immediate short-term response is not very efficient and is gradually replaced by a longer term response.
Term
acclimatization
Definition
Long-term physiological adjustments made in order to attain an equilibrium with a specific environmental stimulus.
Term
hunting response
Definition
A cyclic expansion and contraction of the blood vessels of the limbs that balances releasing enough heat to the limbs to prevent frostbite, maintaining heat in the body core.
Term
medical anthropology
Definition
A specialization that brings theoretical and applied approaches from cultural and biological anthropology to the study of human health and disease.
Term
medical system
Definition
A patterned set of ideas and practices relating to illness.
Term
disease
Definition
Refers to specific pathology; a physical or biologocal abnormality.
Term
illness
Definition
Refers to the meanings and elaborations given to a particular physical state.
Term
endemic
Definition
The public health term for a disease that is widespread in a population.
Term
evolutionary medicine
Definition
An approach to human sickness and health combining principles of evolutionary theory and human evolutionary history.
Term
prion
Definition
An infectious protein lacking any genetic material but capable of causing the reorganization and destruction of other proteins.
Term
medical pluralism
Definition
The presence of multiple medical systems, each with its own practices and beliefs in a society.
Term
structural violence
Definition
Physical and/or psychological harm (including repression, environmental destruction, poverty, hunger, illness, and premature death) caused by exploitative and unjust social, political, and economic systems.
Term
health disparity
Definition
A difference in the health status between the wealthy elite and the poor in stratified societies.
Term
*Kinds of changes that have transformed us into a globalized world.
Definition
Disease, politics, our environment, genetics, and structural violence
Term
marriage
Definition
A culturally sanctioned union between two or more people that establishes certain rights and obligations between the people, between them and their children, and between them and their in-laws. Such marriage rights and obligations most often include, but are not limites to, sex, labor, property child rearing, exchange, and staus.
Term
consanguineal kin
Definition
Biologically related relatives, commonly referred to as bolld relatives.
Term
affinal kin
Definition
People related through marriage.
Term
insest taboo
Definition
The prohibition of sexual contact between certain close relatives, usually parent and child and sibling relations at a minimum.
Term
endogamy
Definition
Marriage within a particular group or category of individuals.
Term
exogamy
Definition
Marriage outside the group.
Term
monogamy
Definition
Marriage in which both partners have just one spouse.
Term
serial monogamy
Definition
A marriage form in which an individual marries or lives with a series of partners in succession.
Term
polygamy
Definition
One individual having multiple spouses at the same time; from the Greek words poly ("many") and gamous ("marriage").
Term
polygyny
Definition
Marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time; a form of polygamy.
Term
polyandry
Definition
Marriage of a woman to two or more men at one rtime; a form of polygamy.
Term
group marriage
Definition
Marriage in which several men and women have sexual access to one another. Also called co-marriage.
Term
fictive marriage
Definition
Marriage by proxy to the symbols of someone not physically present to establish the social status of a spouse and heirs.
Term
parallel cousin
Definition
Child of a father's brother or a mother's sister.
Term
cross cousin
Definition
Child of a mother's brother or a father's sister.
Term
bride-price
Definition
Money or valuable goods paid by the groom or his family to the bride's family upon marriage. Also called bride wealth.
Term
bride service
Definition
A designated period of time after marriage when the groom works for the bride's family.
Term
dowry
Definition
Payment of a woman's inheritence at the time of her marriage, either to her or to her husband.
Term
family
Definition
Two or more people related by blood, marriage, or adoption. The family may take many forms, ranging from a single parent with one or more children, to a married couple or polygamous spouses with offspring, to several generations of parents and their children.
Term
household
Definition
The basic residential unit where economic production, consumption, inheritence, child rearing, and shelter are organized and carried out.
Term
conjugal family
Definition
A family established through marriage.
Term
consanguinal family
Definition
A family of "blood relatives" consisting of related women, their brothers, and women's offspring.
Term
nuclear family
Definition
A group consisting of one or two parents and dependent offspring, which may include a stepparent, stepsiblings, and adopted children. (Until recently this term referred only to the father-mother-child(ren) unit.)
Term
extended family
Definition
Two or more closely related nuclear families clustered together into a large domestic group.
Term
patrilocal residence
Definition
A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the husband's father's place of residence.
Term
matrilocal residence
Definition
A residence pattern in which a married couple lives in the wife's mother's place of residence.
Term
ambilocal residence
Definition
A residence pattern in which a married couple may choose either matrilocal or patrilocal residence.
Term
neolocal residence
Definition
A pattern in which a married couple establish their household in a location apart from either the husband's or the wife's relatives.
Term
kinship
Definition
A network of relatives within which individuals possess certain mutual rights and obligations.
Term
descent group
Definition
Any kin-ordered social group with a membership in the direct line of descent from a real (historical) or fictional common ancestor.
Term
unilineal descent
Definition
Descent that establishes group membership exclusively through either the male or female line.
Term
matrilineal descent
Definition
Desscent traced exclusively through the female line to establish group membership.
Term
patrilineal descent
Definition
Descent traced exclusively through the male line to establish group membership.
Term
lineage
Definition
A unilineal kinship group descended from a common ancestor or founder who lived four to six generations ago, and in which relationships among members can be exactly stated in genealogical terms.
Term
clan
Definition
An extended unilineal kinship group, often consisting of several lineages, whose members claim common descent from a remote ancestor, usually legendary or mythological.
Term
fission
Definition
The splitting of a descent group into two or more new descent groups.
Term
totemism
Definition
The belief that people are related to particular animals, plants, or natural objects by virtue of descent from common ancestral spirits.
Term
phratry
Definition
A unilineal descent group composed of at least two clans that supposedly share a common ancestry, whether or not they really do.
Term
moiety
Definition
Each group that results from a division of a society into two halves on the basis of descent.
Term
kindred
Definition
An individual's close blood relatives on the maternal and paternal sides of his or her family.
Term
EGO
Definition
T he central person from whom the degree of each relationship is traced.
Term
Eskimo system
Definition
Kinship reckoning in which the nuclear family is emphasized by specifically identifying the mother, father, brother, and sister, while lumping together all other relatives into broad categories such as uncle, aunt, and cousin. Also referred to as lineal system.
Term
Hawaiian system
Definition
Kinship reckoning in which all relatives of the same sex and generation are referred to by the same term.
Term
Iroquois system
Definition
Kinship reckoning in which a father and father's brother are referred to by a single term, as are a mother and mother's sister, but a father's sister and mother's brother are given seperate terms. Parallel cousins are classified with brothers and sisters. while cross cousins are classified seperately but not equated with relatives of some other generation. 
Term
arable land
Definition
Land suitable for cultivation.
Term
corvee
Definition
A system of required labor; characteristic of ancient states.
Term
fraternal polyandry
Definition
An uncommon form of plural marriage in which a woman is married to two or more brothers at a time.
Term
ethnopediatrics
Definition
The study of how differing parenting styles affect infant health and growth.
Term
socialization
Definition
The development, through the influence of parents and others, of patterns of thought and behavior in children that conform to beliefs and values of a particular culture.
Term
weaning
Definition
Acclimating someone (as a child) to take food other than by nursing.
Term
sex roles
Definition
Learned social acticities and expectation made on the basis of gender.
Term
cultural materialism
Definition
The idea, often associated with Marvin harris, that cultural behaviors are best explained in relation to material constraints (including food, producing technology) to which humans are subjected.
Term
*Identifiers of civilization.
Definition
Monumental architecture, segregation of society into social classes, centralized governments, writing and inscriptions, and the emergence of different farming innovations.
Term
state
Definition
Area that has both an agricultural base and centers showing characteristics of civilizations, also with a strong centralized political system.
Term
action archeology
Definition
Conservation model that draws on lessons learned from the recent to distant past in order to benefit contemporary populations.
Term
reciprocal exchange system
Definition
Simple direct trade between two people where goods or services can be exchanged for other goods and services (barter) or goods and services can be traded for monetary units.
Term
redistributive exchange system
Definition
Is associated with centralized societies; where a king or central authority retains portion of collected goods and services that mover through its area of authority, than passes these goods onto others.
Term
age grade
Definition
An organized category of people based on age; every individual passes through a series of such categories over his or her lifetime.
Term
age set
Definition
A formally established group of people born during a certain time span who move through the series of age-grade categories together.
Term
common-interest associations
Definition
Associations that result from an act of joining based on sharing particular activities, objectives, values, or beliefs.
Term
stratified societies
Definition
Societies in which people are hierarchically divided and rranked into social strata, or layers, and do not share equally in basic resources that support survival, influence, and prestige.
Term
egalitarian societies
Definition
Societies in which everyone has about equal rank, access to, and power over basic resources.
Term
social class
Definition
A category of individuals in a stratified society who enjoy equal or nearly equal prestige according to the system of evaluation.
Term
caste
Definition
A closed social class in a stratified society in which membership is determined by birth and fixed for life.
Term
social mobility
Definition
Upward or downward change in one's social class position in a stratified society.
Term
self-awareness
Definition
The ability to identify oneself as an individual, to reflect on oneself, and to evaluate oneself.
Term
naming ceremony
Definition
A special event or ritual to mark the naming of a child.
Term
personality
Definition
The distinctive way a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
Term
dependence training
Definition
Child-rearing practices that foster compliance in the performance of assigned tasks and dependence on the domestic group, rather than reliance on oneself.
Term
independence training
Definition
Chil-rearing practices that foster independence, self-reliance, and personal achievement.
Term
modal personality
Definition
The body of character traits that occur with the highest frequency in a culturally bounded population.
Term
core values
Definition
Those values especially promoted by a particular culture.
Term
intersexual
Definition
A person born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively mal or female.
Term
transgender
Definition
A person who crosses over or occupies a culturally accepted position in the binary male-female gender construction.
Term
ethnic psychosis
Definition
A mental disorder specific to a particular ethnic group.
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