Term
A barcode reader is a type of ____ device?
a. Processing
b. Input
c. Ouput |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Binary code is a computer language baed on______.
a. Ones and Zeros
b. Ones and tens
c. Tens and ones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In th binary code, the value of one is assigned when____.
a. A transistor Is open and current passes
b. A transistor is closed and the current passes |
|
Definition
| b. A transistor is closed and the current passes |
|
|
Term
| How many bytes are needed to tore one alphanumeric character? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which modality was the first to use the principle of digital imaging? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The CPU is?
a. the "box"
b. External storage device
c. a microprocessor found on the motherboard
d. a stand-alone microprocessor |
|
Definition
| c. A microprocessor found on the motherboard |
|
|
Term
| Teleradiography incorporated___ to produce radiographic images? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The basic picture element is known as a ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Two or more objects sharing resources and information or computers, terminals, and servers interconnect by communication channels is a def of____network?
a. LAN
b. Wide area
c. Computer
d. All of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is considered a geographic category of networks?
a. LAN
b. CT scanner
c. CR reader
d. MRI scanner |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The least expensive network to install Is the______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A computer network that spans a large area such as a city, state, nation, or continent is known as a ____network. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The almost universally excepted standard for exchanging medical images I known as______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The First version of DICOM was completed in____? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The standard that overseas most computerized clinical and administrative data is known as____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| RIS is specific to_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Image brightness on a display monitor is adjusted by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Radiographic contrast on a display monitor I adjusted by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Increasing window width of a digital image on a display monitor does what to contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The smallest component of a matrix image that represents an x-ray intensity is called a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| he mathematical formula used to construct a digital image is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Digital radiography ha the advantage of:
a. Less expensive equipment
b. Improved spatial resolution
c. Latent image formation
d. Wide dynamic range |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Film/ radiography ha the advantage of:
a. better spatial resolution
b. narrow dynamic range
c. Improved contrast resolution
d. Increased workload |
|
Definition
| a. better spatial resolution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Digital imaging and communication in medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Picture archival and communication system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hospital information system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Radiography information sytem |
|
|
Term
| Another name for exposure latitude is_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
DICOM is standard that allows imaging modalities and PACS to communicate in the same language.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are components of a PACS except:
a. Web acces
b. Reading stations
c. Independent kilovoltage peak and milliampere-sec stations
d. Multiple interfaces |
|
Definition
| c. Independent kilovoltage peak |
|
|
Term
The DICOM standard was developed to ensure:
a. Radiographic image quality and consistency.
b. Compatibility between medical systems that tore information
c. Compatibility between computerized imaging systems in analog systems.
d. Consistency in the computerized diagnostic process(CAD) for mammo. |
|
Definition
| b. Compatibility between medical systems that store information |
|
|
Term
| The space from center of a pixel to the center of the adjacent pixel is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The process of assigning a value to each pixel to represent a gray tone is:
a. Scintillating
b. Nyquist frequency
c. Quantization
d. Matrix depth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following matrix sizes would produce an image with the greatest amount of resolution?
a. 16x16
b. 32x32
c. 64x64
d.128x128 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Define pixel and matrix. Explain the relationship between pixel size and matrix size as it pertains to spatial resolution |
|
Definition
Matrix- combination of rows or columns
Pixel- Smallest component of the matrix. Measured in microns.
The bigger the matrix the smaller and more pixel, increasing spatial resolution.
You want a bigger matrix but smaller field of view. |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 steps for digitizing an image and describe what happens in each step. |
|
Definition
1. Scanning- Formatting a matrix
2. Sampling- Location of each pixel, measures intensity of light(replicates analog image)
3. Quantization- Pixels assigned a numeric value. |
|
|
Term
| What I theorem associated with the second step in digitizing an image. How does this impact spatial resolution. |
|
Definition
| Nyquist theorem: You must sample for each pixel at least 2 times per cycle to achieve the desired level of spatial resolution |
|
|
Term
| What impact bit depth has on the radiographic image. |
|
Definition
| Bit depth determines the range of grey to represent the anatomic tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What impact pixel pitch has on the radiographic image |
|
Definition
Pixel pitch is the distance from on pixel to another, measured in (mm)
The smaller the pixel pitch number, the better the spatial resolution. |
|
|
Term
| Fully equipped computer terminal that can access, manipulate, and permanently save change made to images and pt information |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can only view storage images |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An image that has been converted into numeric values for transmission or processing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is a continuous range of values |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connects computers inside the hospital |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Connects computers outside the hospital |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Range of greys levels available to construct an image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oversees most clinical and administrative data |
|
Definition
Health Level Seven international
HL7 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Standardizes transmission behavior |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Controls the length of the grey scale |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Analog data is presented in______ form, such that its presentation is precisely proportional to its actual magnitude. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Digital data, on he other hand, is presented on a_______ scale, a scale made up of separated, distinct parts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
the CR cassette is backed by aluminum that
a. Reflects x-rays
b. Absorbs x-rays
c. captures the image
d. transmits x-rays |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What serves to protect against static buildup and dust collection |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The layer of the imaging plate that trap electrons during exposure is the____ layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reflective layer_____? |
|
Definition
| Send light in a forward direction |
|
|
Term
| The purpose of the barcode label I to identify the________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The phosphor layer is made of phosphors from the _______family
a. Barium sulfate
b. Halide calcium
c. Barium Fluorohalide
d. Calcium fluorohalide |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the imaging plate is irrated, stimulated electrons enter the______layer. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The optical mirror in the reader_____. |
|
Definition
| Directs the laser beam to the imaging plate surface |
|
|
Term
| The laser cans the imaging plate in a ____ pattern. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The process of scanning the moving imaging plate is known as________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following does not determine CR resolution?
a. Phosphor layer thickness
b. Pixel size
c. number of pixels
d. laser scan speed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Imaging plates should be erased every |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CR imaging plates are erased by flooding the plate with______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The color of the light laser used to extract the latent image in a CR processor is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principle color of light emitted from a PSP when stimulated by the laser in the CR processor: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The energy of the x-ray beam is captured in a phototimulable phosphor as a series of electron that are trapped in empty spaces in the crystal lattice called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After a PSP has been scanned by the photomultiplier tube reader, the plate is exposed to a high intensity light to: |
|
Definition
| Clear any of the remaining latent image from the image plate |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of the latent image can the PSP maintain 8 hours after exposure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What layer of the PSP serves to prevent light from the laser to penetrate through to the reflective layer?
a. protective layer
b. anti-halo layer
c. Phospher layer
d. Conductive layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which imaging system is the most efficient at converting x-ray input signal into a useful output signal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Where does the electric signal go after it leaves the PMT?
a. to the flat panel detector
b. to the TFT
c. to the DAC
d. To the ADC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Allows electrical charges to follow to the image processor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The area of the detector element which detect radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the % of the detector element devoted to the semiconductor detection layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The immediate emission of light under stimulation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The delayed emission of light after stimulation has ceased |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A layer of microscopic pixel elements used in digital imaging |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ratio of x-ray photons absorbed by the phosphor crystals to the x-ray photons incident upon the phosphor layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ability of the light produced by the phosphor crystals to escape the phosphor layer and reach the PMT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The % on energy from absorbed x-ray photons that I converted into light |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 advantages of digital imaging over conventional imaging. |
|
Definition
1. Greater dynamic range
2. Time
3. Cost
4. Archival |
|
|
Term
| In the active matrix array, gate lines are controlled by the______ driver, which controls the order in which the detector elements are read out. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A graphic representation of x-ray exposure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Carestream describes image recognition as________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A histogram displays the useful signal by locating_______. |
|
Definition
| Maximum and minimum signal |
|
|
Term
The shape of the histogram is anatomy specific.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an effort to display the pixels for the area of interest when exposure is greater or less than I needed to produce an image,_____ occurs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Automatic rescaling means that images are produced, regardless of the amount of exposure, with________ |
|
Definition
| Uniform contrast and density |
|
|
Term
Automatic recalling can be substituted for appropriate technical factors
TRUE/FALE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A look-up table is not used as a reference to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Changing the slope of the look-up table graph will increase or decrease_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Window width in computed radiograph and digital radiography controls what image property? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A graphic display that is constructed to show the radiographer the distribution of pixel value is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Window level in CR and DR controls what image property? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A narrow window width will ______ image contrast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Changing the window and level at the technologist workstation will not effect he ability to window and level on PACS
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An underpenetrated radiograph can be corrected for with automatic rescaling.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Preprocessing the digital image is done______, and post-processing is done_______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Segmentation is another term used to describe: |
|
Definition
| Exposure Field Recognition |
|
|
Term
| After the values of interest have been determined from the histogram, what is used to automatically rescale those numbers to produce the proper contrast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause a histogram error? |
|
Definition
Exposure field not recognized
unexpected metal in data sheet
gross overexposure |
|
|
Term
| The computer distinguishes the anatomy of interest from background densities during: |
|
Definition
| Automated exposure field recognition |
|
|
Term
| Low numbers represent___ exposure which will appear_____ on the image |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a histogram a useful range of min to max numbers is determined. What is the range of numbers called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The mathematical process which allows a waveform to be broken down into the individual sine-waves that make it up is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The term used to describe the intensity differences inherent in the x-ray beam is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Areas of the scintillator which are thicker will have: |
|
Definition
| Greater absorption efficiency |
|
|
Term
| What type of histogram is likely to be used for analysis of a barium enema cross table ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of histogram is likely to be used for analysis of an AP knee? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of histogram is likely to be used for the analysis of an image which is likely to cover the entire imaging area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the shape of the curve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adjusts overall brightness |
|
|
Term
| Gradiation amount or angle |
|
Definition
| Is the slope of the curve |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Is the center of the curve |
|
|
Term
| A bar graph constructed by counting the number of pixels that contain each gray level |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to determine the orientation and number of views on the imaging plate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Lists the parameters to produce a histogram |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A graph which details the original output values against the processed output values |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Keeps contrast and brightness consistent for each exam |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Shuttering, a post-exposure image manipulation technique, is:
a. Placed on the patient
b. Placed on the cassette
c. Added to the screen image
d. Changes the amount of scatter |
|
Definition
| c. Added to the screen image |
|
|
Term
It is acceptable to replace collimation with shuttering.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Images should be marked only with computerized markers.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The exposure indicator number is an____. |
|
Definition
| Indication of radiation absorbed by the imaging plate |
|
|
Term
| The exposure indicator number for Fuji systems is the ____ number. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The EI number is used by_____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
A 1mR exposure at 80 kVp combined with aluminum and copper filtration determines the ____ base exposure indicator number.
a. Fuji
b. Kodak
c. Agfa
d. Phillips |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
With Fuji exposures indicators, the lower the S number, the higher the exposure.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which manufactures uses exposure indicator numbers in the thousands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
As Kodak exposure indicator numbers increased by 300, exposure________
a. increases by a factor of 2
b. decreases by a factor of 4
c.Increases by a factor of 4
d. Decreases by a factor of 2 |
|
Definition
| a. Increases by a factor of 2 |
|
|
Term
| An S number of 400 in Fuji system______ an S number of 200. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a Fuji system, each change of exposure number of 200 is equal to a change by a factor of________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In an Agfa system, each change of 2.6 above or below the median exposure results in a doubling or halving of exposure.
TRUE/FALSE |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In all systems, exposure outside the range indicate_______
a. Overexposure
b. Underexposure
c. Both overexposure and underexposure
d. Neither overexposure nor underexposure |
|
Definition
| c. Both overexposure and underexposure |
|
|
Term
A cassette-based imaging plate requires_____ of exposures to produce an optimum quality image.
a. 0.5 mR
b.1.0 mR
c.2.0 mR
d.3.0 mR |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Smoothing can be appplied to a digital image to mask which of the following
a. Artifacts
b. Metal objects
c. Fog
d. Noise |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Edge enhancement can be applied to a digital image to improve which of the following:
a. the black border around the edge of the image
b. The loss of details in the image
c. The contrast along the edges of a structure
d. the sharpness of structural lines |
|
Definition
| c. The contrast along the edges of a structure. |
|
|
Term
| Applying too much edge enhancement to a digital image can result in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Noise is low exposure areas and saturation in high exposure areas can result when which of the following post processing techniques is excessively applied?
a. Window level
b. Smoothing
c. Edge enhancement
d. Equalization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
presently, cassette-less systems do not have exposures indicators. Which of the following can determine if the proper exposure was made?
a. Multply kVp x mAs
b. Measure the dose area product
c. Analyze the background fog
d. Calculate the size of the area x centimeter thickness |
|
Definition
| b. Measure the Dose area product |
|
|
Term
| A Flat-panel detector requires________ of exposure to produce an optimum quality image. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What determines contrast resolution in a digital image. |
|
Definition
|
|
