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Definition
| Bundle of muscle fibers (cells), fiber (cell), myofibrils, myofilaments |
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| actin molecules + regulatory proteins |
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| A cell composed of a bunch of myofibrils that are arranged longitudinally |
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| Composed of repeating units of myofilaments called sacromeres |
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Definition
| Composed of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments |
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| Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction |
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Definition
| When a muscle contracts, thick and thin do not change in length, but rather slide past one another. |
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Definition
| Animals that live in or around their food source. |
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Definition
| Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host. |
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Term
| Suspension/Filter Feeders |
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Definition
| Eat small organisms suspended in the water. Filter feeders move water through a filtering structure to obtain food. |
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| Four Stages of Food Processing |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination |
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Definition
| breaking bonds with the addition of water - a splitting process |
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Definition
| begin mechanical and chemical digestion |
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Definition
| leads to esophagus and trachea |
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Definition
| A fluid that the stomach uses to break down foods. Contains hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin. Breaks 'er all down into chyme. |
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Term
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Definition
| The resulting liquid after food is processed by the stomach. Still full of nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| Secreted by chief cells in an inactive form called pepsinogen. Parietal cells secrete hydochloric acid, which converts pepsinogen to pepsin. |
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Term
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Definition
| most enzymatic hydrolysis occurs here |
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Term
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Definition
| Loc. MOUTH: Polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen broken down into smaller polysaccarides with salivary amylase. Salivary amylase also breaks down disaccharides such as sucrose and lactose into maltose. |
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Term
| Carbohydrate Digestion II |
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Definition
| Disaccharides and Maltose are broken down into monosaccharides in the small intestine. |
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Term
| Carbohydrate Digestion II |
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Definition
| Smaller polysaccharides are broken down through pancreatic amylases into disaccharides, which are later broken down into monosaccharides. |
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Term
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Definition
| Food travels down to the stomach through peristalsis. |
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Definition
| A finger-like projection of the inner surface of the small intestine in the folds of the intestinal wall. Contains many epithelial cells. |
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Definition
| Contains microvilli.Moves nutrients into capillaries. |
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Definition
| Makes hydolytic enzymes and bicarbonate. |
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Definition
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| Cells absorbing molecules by engulfing them. |
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Definition
| The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of a substance across a cell membrane against it concentration gradient, mediated by specific transport proteins and requiring an expenditure of energy. |
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Term
| Right Atrium of the Heart |
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Definition
| Receives and pumps oxygen-poor blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives and pumps oxygen-rich blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Second valve, blood exits here before departing in the aorta/pulmonary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| First valve, accepts entering blood into right/left ventricle |
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Definition
| Outer layer of connective tissue. Middle layer of smooth muscle with elastic fibre. Inner layer of endothelium (capillaries only have one thin layer of endothelium). |
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Definition
| Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. Used to exchange material between blood and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
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Definition
| The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. Exchange material between blood and interstitial fluid. |
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Term
| Circuits of the mammalian cardiovascular system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Plasma and cellular elements |
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Term
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Definition
| Contains water, metabolites, waste, salts (blood electrolytes), blood proteins |
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Term
| Cellular elements (blood) |
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Definition
| Red, white blood cells and platelets. |
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Definition
| The uptake of oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment. Takes place in the alveoli. |
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Definition
| In the blood, bound to hemoglobin, inside red blood cells. |
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Term
| The ways in which carbon dioxide is carried out of the body |
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Definition
1) dissolved in blood (7%)
2) bound to hemoglobin (23%)
3) in plasma as bicarbonate ions (70%) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Phagocytic white cells, esinophils, dendritic cells, natural killer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| External and internal defences, as well as antimicrobial proteins such as interferons, lysosomes and the inflammatory response |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsible for combatting multicellular parasites in vertebrates. |
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Definition
| An antigen-presenting cell, located mainly in lymphatic tissues and skin that is particularly efficient in presenting antigens to helper T cells, thereby initiating a primary immune response. |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of white blood cell that can kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells as part of innate immunity. |
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Definition
| A protein that has antiviral or immune regulatory functions. Interferon-a and interferon-b secreted by virus-infected cells help nearby cells resist viral infection; interferon-y, secreted by T cells, helps activate macrophages. |
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Term
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Definition
| Includes responses to antigens, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and parasitic worms, pollen and transported tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Respond to specific antigens. For every antigen there will be a specific pool of lymphocytes with receptors exactly matched to the antigen. |
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Term
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Definition
B - important in the production of antibodies
T - cytotoxic (important in directly attacking affected cells) and helper T (activate B and cytotoxic cells) |
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Term
| MHC (major histocompatibility complex) |
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Definition
| A cell surface with molecules displaying antigen fragments - "antigen presentation". |
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Term
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Definition
| Found on all nucleated cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found of B-cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. |
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Term
| Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
| 1) Diversity - millions of different antigen receptors |
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Term
| Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
| 2) self-tolerance (lack of reactivity against an animal's own molecules and cells) |
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Term
| Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
| 3) cell proliferation - activation of lymphocytes greatly increases number of B and T cells specific for an antigen |
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Term
| Characteristics of Adaptive Immunity |
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Definition
| 4) immunological memory - remembers antigens it has met before |
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