Term
|
Definition
Cell that can divide to produce more stem cells or differentiate into specialized cell types
Embryonic stem cells can produce any cell type in the body
After birth, stem cells are less versatile; they produce fewer cell types |
|
|
Term
| Most animals have _____ types of tissues organized as organs and organ systems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ serves as the body’s internal environment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____ connect the cells of a tissue, hold cells in place, and allow them to cooperate in specific tasks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers body surfaces and lines internal cavities such as the gut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| holds body parts together and provides structural support |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| moves the body or its parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detects stimuli and relays information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures with two or more tissues that carry out specific tasks |
|
|
Term
| An animal body consists mainly of water with ______, ______, and other solutes |
|
Definition
| dissolved salts, proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Of a multicelled organism, body fluid outside of cells
Serves as the body’s internal environment
Provides cells with nutrients and removes wastes |
|
|
Term
| Most body fluid resides ___ cells; the rest is extracellular fluid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In vertebrates, extracellular fluid consists mainly of interstitial _____ and ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Of a multicelled organism, body fluid in spaces between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An organism’s structural and physiological trait are determined ______, and influenced by the ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most body parts you can see (skin, hair, nails) are ________, or structures derived from it |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ also lines internal tubes and cavities, such as blood vessels and gut |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sheetlike animal tissue that covers outer body surfaces and lines internal tubes and cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Epithelium has one free surface that faces either the outside environment or some internal body fluid
The other surface secretes a noncellular ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted layer that attaches an epithelium to an underlying tissue layer, most often connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| Only _____ tissues have tight junctions, which prevent fluids from seeping between cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial tissues subject to ______ (e.g. skin) have adhering junctions, which connect plasma membranes of cells at distinct points but do not form a tight seal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
• Lines blood vessels, the heart, and air sacs of lungs
• Allows substances to cross
by diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lines kidney tubules, ducts of some glands, reproductive tract
• Functions in absorption and secretion, movement of materials |
|
|
Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium |
|
Definition
Lines some airways, parts of the gut
• Functions in absorption and secretion, protection |
|
|
Term
| _____ in airways move mucus away from the lungs; in oviducts __________ propel eggs toward the uterus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ lining kidneys and small intestine increase absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thin projections from the plasma membrane
Increase the surface area of some epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Only ______ contains gland cells, which secrete a specific substance that functions outside the cell |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gland that secretes milk, sweat, saliva, or some other substance through a duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ductless gland that secretes hormones into a body fluid |
|
|
Term
| Because it divides frequently, is the animal tissue most likely to become cancerous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
An epithelial cell cancer is called a
_________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Different types of _____________ bind, organize, support, strengthen, protect, and insulate other tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Animal tissue contain cells scattered within an extracellular matrix of their own secretions
Provides structural and functional support |
|
|
Term
| ______ are described by the types of cells that they include and the composition of their extracellular matrix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There are two types of soft connective tissues: ______ and ________, which have the same components but differ in the proportions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exampls of Specialized Connective tissue |
|
Definition
| Cartilage, bone tissue, adipose tissue, and blood |
|
|
Term
| In soft connective tissues, the most abundant cells are ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells that secrete complex carbohydrates and fibers of the structural proteins collagen and elastin |
|
|
Term
| The most common type of connective tissue in the vertebrate body is ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relatively few fibroblasts and fibers in its matrix
Holds organs and epithelia in place |
|
|
Term
| Dense, irregular connective tissue |
|
Definition
Asymmetrically arranged fibers and fibroblasts
Forms deep skin layers, capsules around organs
Structural support
In skin and in capsules around some organs |
|
|
Term
| Dense, regular connective tissue |
|
Definition
Fibroblasts in rows between parallel fibers
Tendons and ligaments
Common Locations: Tendons, ligaments
Functions: Strength, elasticity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found in shark skeletons, human embryos (forms a model for the developing skeleton) , and in adults (in joints, between vertebrae, and in support structures)
Cells surrounded by a rubbery matrix of collagen fibers and rubbery, compression-resistant glycoproteins
Blood vessels do not extend through cartilage
Common Locations: Nose, ends of long bones, airways, vertebrate embryo
Functions Support, protection, low-friction joint surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the body’s main energy reservoir, cushions and protects body parts, and a layer under the skin insulates the body to keep internal temperature within an optimal range
Connective tissue specializing in fat storage
Small blood vessels carry fats to and from cells
Common Locations: Under skin, around the heart and the kidneys
Functions: Energy storage, insulation, padding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the main tissue of bones, which support and protect the body, and allow movement
Blood cells form in the spongy interior of some bones
Living cells surrounded by a mineral-hardened matrix of their own calcium-hardened secretions
Location: All bony vertebrate skeletons
Functions: Movement, support, protection |
|
|
Term
| ______ consists plasma and cellular components that form inside bones |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Red blood cells transport oxygen
White blood cells defend the body against pathogens
Platelets function in clot formation
Plasma is a fluid extracellular matrix consisting mostly of water, with dissolved proteins, nutrients, gases, and other substances
Location: Inside blood vessels
Functions: Distributes essential gases, nutrients; removes waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contract (shorten) when stimulated – they help move the body and its component parts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscle that interacts with bone to move body parts; under voluntary control
Long, multinucleated, cylindrical cells with conspicuous striping (striations)
Interacts with bone to bring about movement, maintain posture
Reflex activated, but also under voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscle of the heart wall
Striated cells attached end to end, each with a single nucleus
Found only in the heart wall
Contraction is not under voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscle that lines blood vessels and forms the wall of hollow organs
Cells with a single nucleus, tapered ends, and no striations
Found in walls of some blood vessels, digestive tract, reproductive tract, bladder, and other hollow organs
Contraction is not under voluntary control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists of specialized signaling cells (neurons) and the cells that support them (neuroglia)
Animal tissue composed of neurons and supporting cells
Detects stimuli and controls responses to them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One of the cells that make up communication lines of nervous systems |
|
|
Term
| ______ wrap around the signal-sending cytoplasmic extensions of most motor neurons – they act as insulation and speed the rate at which signals travel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A neuron transmits electrical signals along its ______, and communicates with other cells through chemical messages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ are excited by specific stimuli, such as light or pressure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
receive and integrate sensory information
Store information and coordinate responses to stimuli
In vertebrates, interneurons occur mainly in the brain and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| relay commands from the brain and spinal cord to glands and muscle cells |
|
|
Term
| All vertebrates have the same set of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many internal organs reside inside a body cavity derived from the ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sheet of smooth muscle (_____) divides the human coelom into an upper thoracic cavity and a lower cavity that has abdominal and pelvic regions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ______ cavity in the head holds the brain, and a ______ cavity in the back holds the spinal cord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Heart and lungs are in the ___ cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stomach, intestines, and liver are in the _______ cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bladder and reproductive organs are in the ______ cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protects body from injury, dehydration, and some pathogens
Controls its temperature
Excretes certain wastes
Receives some external stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Moves body and its internal parts
Maintains posture
Generates heat by increases in metabolic activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Supports and protects body parts
Provides muscle attachment sites
Produces red blood cells
Stores calcium, phosphorus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Detects external and internal stimuli
Controls and coordinates the responses to stimuli
Integrates all organ system activities |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapidly transports many materials to and from interstitial fluid and cells
Helps stabilize internal pH and temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hormonally controls body functioning
With nervous system, integrates short- and long-term activities
(Male testes added) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Collects and returns some tissue fluid to the bloodstream
Defends the body against infection and tissue damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapidly delivers oxygen to the tissue fluid that bathes all living cells
Removes carbon dioxide wastes of cells
Helps regulate pH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ingests food and water
Mechanically, chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules into internal environment
Eliminates food residues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maintains the volume and composition of internal environment
Excretes excess fluid and blood-borne wastes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Female: Produces eggs; provides protected, nutritive environment for development of offspring
Male: Produces and transfers sperm to female
Hormones of both systems also influence other organ systems |
|
|
Term
| The ________ consists of skin, structures derived from skin, and underlying connective and adipose tissues |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of Vertebrate skin |
|
Definition
Contains sensory receptors that monitor external conditions
Serves as a barrier to keep out pathogens
Helps control internal temperature
Helps conserve water
In humans, reaction in skin produce vitamin D |
|
|
Term
| Skin consists of two layers, a thin __________ and the dermis beneath it – the ______ connects to the hypodermis |
|
Definition
| upper epidermis; dermis-dermis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outermost tissue layer
In animals, the epithelial layer of skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Deep layer of skin that consists of connective tissue with nerves and blood vessels running through it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium with an adhering junctions and no extracellular matrix
Human epidermis consists mainly of cells that make the waterproof protein keratin (keratinocytes)
Dead cells at the surface help prevent water loss
Melanocytes make pigments (melanins) that color skin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
consists primarily of dense connective tissue with fibers of elastin and collagen
Dermis contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and sensory receptors
Epithelial tissues embedded in the dermis form sweat glands and hair follicles
Each hair follicle is associated with and oil gland, and a smooth muscle attaches to each hair |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Epidermal cells divide less frequently
Glandular secretions that kept the skin soft and supple dwindle
Thickness and elasticity of the dermis decline as collagen and elastin fibers become sparse
Permanent wrinkles appear
Smoking has a similar effect |
|
|
Term
| ______ is the only organ that is already grown artificially for widespread medical uses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ do not include melanocytes, sweat glands, oil glands, and other differentiated structures |
|
Definition
| Cultured skin substitutes |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis requires ________ that detect changes, an integrating center (the brain), and effectors (muscles and glands) that bring about responses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cell or cell component that detects a specific stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Homeostasis often involves __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A change causes a response that reverses the change
Important mechanism of homeostasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A change causes a response that reverses the change
Important mechanism of homeostasis |
|
|
Term
| _______ allow substances to pass quickly between adjoining cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Communication among more distant cells involves special molecular signals (also known as ___________) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The three steps of Intracellular signaling |
|
Definition
A signaling molecule reversibly binds to a receptor, which is often a membrane protein
The signal is converted (transduced) to a form that acts inside the signal-receiving cell
The cell responds to the signal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intercellular signals cause programmed cell death
Molecular signals bind to receptors at the cell surface
Binding activates enzymes that destroy structural proteins
Selected cells die (Example: hand formation) |
|
|
Term
| _______ fertilization (uniting egg and sperm outside the body) is a common practice in fertility clinics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Stem cells directly produce adult tissues by the process of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The tissue that lines internal surfaces of the body is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epithelial cells are specialized for all the following functions EXCEPT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The secretion of tears, milk, sweat, and saliva are functions of what tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An extracellular matrix is characteristic of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts are characteristic of what tissue type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dense fibrous tissues that connect muscle to bone are called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Collagen fibers are characteristic of which tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bones are linked together at skeletal joints by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In the nose
at the end of bones
in the external ear
between vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Adipose tissue cells are filled with |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If its cells are striated and fused at the ends so that the cells contract as a unit, the tissue is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Muscle that is not striated and is involuntary is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rapid communication throughout the body is accomplished through |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The endocrine system functions in |
|
Definition
| hormonal control of body functioning |
|
|
Term
| Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids is the direct responsibility of which system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Integration of body functions is controlled by the |
|
Definition
| nervous and endocrine systems |
|
|
Term
| Which system produces blood cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
