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Animal Science Exam 3
N/A
220
Biology
Undergraduate 3
03/22/2014

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Term
What is Florida in terms of the beef industry?
Definition
cow calf
Term
When was the first cattle introduced to the new world?
Definition
1494
Term
When was the first cattle introduced to US?
Definition
1513 in Florida by Ponce de Leon
Term
1836 TX becomes independent and...
Definition
Mexicans leave behind cattle
Term
When were cattle drivers first established?
Definition
1867-1887 by Joseph McCoy
Term
When was barbed wire first invented?
Definition
1873 by Joseph Glidden
Term
When were continental cattle breeds imported?
Definition
1936
Term
When were dwarf cows first established?
Definition
1950s
Term
When and where did commercial cattle feeding first start?
Definition
1951; Brookover Feedyard, Kansas
Term
When did boxed beef first come around?
Definition
1967 by the Iowa Beef Processors
Term
Where were the first cattle ranchers in North America?
Definition
St. Augustine (St. John's River) after Ponce de Leon led them here
1600s- Spanish
1700s- Seminole Indians
1800s- Civil War (supplied cattle to confederate army, after cattle to Cuba)
Term
1900s Cattle in Florida
Definition
Cattle rustling (cattle stealing)
Tick eradication (TX Fever tick)
Screw Worm (midwest to seminole indian cattle)
Open range until 1949 (fence law)
Term
Who has the largest cattle producer in FL?
Definition
Deseret Ranch (also largest beef producer in US)
Term
What percentage of beef does the US produce?
Definition
produces 25%
consumes 26% (net import, beef comes from Australia)
Term
What is the age of the average cattle producer?
Definition
55+
Term
What kind of inventory does the cattle industry use?
Definition
Cyclic; method of keeping track of things by constantly taking counts, as opposed to once a year
Term
How much in sales does the cattle industry do?
Definition
50 billion
Term
__% of ranches own __% of cattle
Definition
10; 73
Term
The cattle industry is increasing or decreasing?
Definition
Increasing; trying to meet demand in face of drought)
Term
Seedstock segment
Definition
producer of breeding stock for purebred and commercial breeders
provide genetic base for industry
Product-purebred breeding stock
-primarily bulls
-some replacement heifers, semen, embryos
Term
What are the two main operations of a seedstock segment?
Definition
Elite- superior genetics, provide semen to multiplier
Multiplier- provide bulls for commercial cattle industry
Term
What is the role of the cow calf segment?
Definition
to produce young calves that the industry will purchase, grow out, and ultimately harvest
Term
What is the rank of major states of beef cows?
Definition
1. TX 5 mill
2. OK 2 mill
3. MO 1.9 mill
12. FL 900,000
Term
Commercial calves are product of cow calf segment. When are they weaned?
Definition
500 pounds
6-8 mos
Term
Most calves from FL go to
Definition
Texas
Term
Production factors of importance for cow calf segment
Definition
percent calf crop
weaning weight
dam performance (cow cost)
Term
How to calculate breakeven
Definition
85% calf crop
500 pound average weaning weight
$600 annual cow cost
500 (0.85) = 425 lbs
$600/425 = $1.41/lb
Increase weaning weight, decrease cost, increase cow crop
Term
What is the role of the stocker segment (aka backgrounding program)?
Definition
forage-based growth program that is seasonal
Term
Objective of stocker segment?
Definition
increase frame size
minimize fattening
40-600 lbs --> 700-900 lbs
Primarily geographic areas: kansas, OK, TX
Term
What is the role of the feedlot segment?
Definition
"finish" cattle using high energy rations
Term
What are the 2 main operations of a feedlot segment?
Definition
commercial- large capacities, geographically-centered, feed 87% of cattle
Farmer-feeder- small capacity (<1000 head), midwest farmers, homegrown feedstuffs
Term
What states are the top 4 cattle feeding areas?
Definition
1. TX 2.8 mill
2. NE 2.5 mill
3. KS 2.4 mill
4. IA 1.3 mill
Term
What is the product of the feedlot segment? What are the important production factors?
Definition
"finished cattle" 1000-1400 lbs (14-20 mos)
inc. average daily gain (ADG)
dec. feed: gain
yield and quality grade
Term
What is the role of the packer segment?
Definition
humanely convert live animals to safe and wholesome meat products "boxed beef"
Term
What is a target carcass?
Definition
High yielding
USDA choice
600-900 lbs
Term
Who are the top 4 packers of cattle?
Definition
Harvest 80-85% of cattle
1. Cargill Meat Solutions
2. Tyson
3. JBS Swift and Co
4. National Beef Packing Co
Term
What is vertical integration in terms of cattle?
Definition
Won't ever happen in beef industry b/c long biological production cycle, wide genetic base, multiple industry stages, geographically widespread, huge diversity in operation size
Term
Black cow
Definition
Angus
British breed: 50% cattle registration
Term
red/ golden red cow
Definition
Red Angus (recessive gene)
can't be certified as Angus beef because they aren't black hided
Term
Red + white cow (white face)
Definition
Hereford (British breed)
polled or horned (producer preference)
Term
Polled
Definition
no horns
Term
scurred
Definition
horns burned off
Term
Red + white cow (no white face)
Definition
Shorthorn (british breed)
Term
Black and white cow (curly hair)
Definition
Belted Galloway
Term
White/ golden yellow cow
Definition
Charolais (continental breed)
Leaner, larger frame size than British cow
Continental- French breed
Term
Red cow (not as muscly)
Definition
Limousin
utilized in commercial
Term
white cow (longer legs)
Definition
Chianina
Term
bluish/whitish cow
Definition
Belgian blue
double muscle, calving difficulties
Term
reddish/white cow (can have black and white babies)
Definition
Simmentals (originated in Switzerland)
used extensively in midwest, milk well, raise good sized calves
Term
light brown/red cow; large neck on males
Definition
Gelbvieh (continental breed)
Term
buckskin colored cow (comparable to brown swiss in dairy)
Definition
Braunvieh; good maternal characteristics (milking, calving)
Term
Black or brown and white cow
Definition
Maine Anjou (continental breed)
gaining popularity for black hide and leannness
Term
Brown cows with black legs (horns)
Definition
Aubrac, very hardy
Term
White/ gray cow (strange ears)
Definition
Brahman (american breed)
made by combining several breeds from India
adapted to hot, humid climate
resistant to external pests, good survival skills
Term
Brown cow (golden brown, sorrel)
Definition
Beefmaster (american breed)
made up of continental and british breeds
Term
Big black cows
Definition
Brangus
3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angues
Adapted to hot, humid climate, black hide
Term
Big red cows
Definition
Red Brangus
Term
Brown cows with white face
Definition
Braford
3/8 Brahman 5/8 Hereford
Produced by Adams ranch in FL
Term
Big dark brown/red cow
Definition
Santa Gertrudis (american breed)
produced by King ranch in TX
5/8 shorthorn 3/8 Brahman
good maternal characteristics
one sire for majority of population
Term
white spotted with brown cows with horns
Definition
Florida Cracker Cattle
originated from Spanish cattle
can survive in FL enviro
small size (800 lbs)
Term
Black/white cows and brown/white cows with horns
Definition
Texas Longhorn
originated from TX longhorn
Term
typical black and white cow
Definition
Holstein
started as beef cattle breed
milking holsteins came from Netherlands
Term
What is trend in beef breeds?
Definition
BLACK
due to certified angus beef being consumer preference
Term
Composite
Definition
Composed of 2+ breeds that combines desirable traits
Heterosis retention without crossbreeding (maintain as a purebred)
Genetic merit dependent on development of composite line
Slow adaptation rate
Term
Sight of cattle
Definition
Good monocular vision (each eye sees separately) nearly 360 degrees
Poor binocular vision, depth perception
Can see red, green, yellow
facility desing
Term
Smell of cattle
Definition
can use to distinguish between other cattle
Term
hearing of cattle
Definition
cupped ears
sensitive to loud, high-pitched noises
Term
Flight zone
Definition
animal's personal space
if handler moves into flight zone, cow will move away
decrease as animal is handled more
size is determines animal's approach-ability
Term
Point of balance of cattle
Definition
located at animal's shoulder
if behind, animal will move forward
if in front, animal will move back
LUNGING
Term
Gregarious behavior of cattle
Definition
herd instinct
follow the leader
Term
Ideal rectal temp of cattle
Definition
101. 5
Term
Ideal temp of Bos taurus (Angus, hereford)
Definition
55 to 85 F
Term
Ideal temp of Bos indicus (Brahman)
Definition
85 to 105 F
Term
How long is the estrous cycle of cattle?
Definition
21 days
Term
How long is gestation for Bos taurus?
Definition
283-285 days
Term
How long is gestation for Bos indicus?
Definition
295 days
Term
What is rumen pH for forage based?
Definition
6.0-6.5
Term
what is rumen pH for concentrate based?
Definition
5.0 -6.0
Term
Saliva prodction of cattle?
Definition
15-20 gallons/day
helps to buffer pH of rumen
Term
Water requirements for weaned calves
Definition
2-6 gallons/day
Term
Water requirements for mature cows
Definition
20+ gallons/day
Term
Teeth permanent incisor (1-4 set)
Definition
1st set erupt: 1.5 - 2 yrs
2nd: 2.5 years
3rd: 3- 3.5 yrs
4th: 4- 4.5 yrs
Term
Body Condition score of cattle
Definition
range from 1-9
ideal 4-6
can fluctuate with health and nutrition
Term
Proper injection site for cattle
Definition
Neck (IM), shoulder (sub-cutaneous), armpit (sub-cutaneous)
injection site knot
Term
Beef Quality Assurance (BQA)
Definition
to educate producers on how to use pharmaceutical products and hygience
cattle processing and health products: follow label directions, withdrawal time before harvest
Processing map: keep records
Term
Who are world's top 3 sheep producers?
Definition
China 144 mill
Australia 99 mill
India 62 mill
Term
What are some of the sheep industry's characteristics?
Definition
Important in temp and tropical ag
provide meat and wool
especially important in developing countries
better adapted to arid tropics than cattle
60% of sheep in temperate zones
1.1 billion sheep in world
Term
US Sheep Industry
Definition
Peak of 56 million head in 1942
2005- 7.8 mill head
Farm flocks in mid west and west; range flocks in other western states
Most sheep growers have small flocks
40% of western sheep producers have flocks >50 head
Term
US Sheep Industry Leading States
Definition
TX 1.74 mill
CA 1.32 mill
Wyoming 0.84
Term
Wool valuability properties
Definition
water resistant
insulation, breathable
elastic- stretch to 30%
strong
felting properties
Term
Wool Evaluation
Definition
1. Condition- % clean wool remaining after scouring, 45-65% shrink
2. Grade- US Blood System: % Merino (one of the world's most popular breeds of sheep; highest wool quality, fine diameter, lots of crimp)
Spinning Count System: #hanks made from spinning 1 lb of clean wool
3. Staple length (fiber length)- fine wool shorter than course wool
Uniformity, character, color, wastiness
Term
Steps in Wool Production
Definition
1. Shearing (professionals shear 300/day)
2. Tying the fleece- paper twine
3. Grading
4. Packaging- burlap sack holds 30 fleeces of 225-300 lbs
5. Storage- very long storage time as long as wool is kept dry
6. Marketing
7. Manufacturing "grease wool"
Term
Marketing of Wool
Definition
generally sold through "wool pools"
Do not market individually
Cooperative assistance: local, state
Private enterprises
Term
Manufacturing Wool
Definition
Sorting- grease wool bales blended
Scouring- grease (lanolin) and dirt removed
Drying- reduced to 15% moisture
Carding- combing and symmterically align fibers
Term
Clean wool processed via 1 of 2 methods
Definition
Worsted Process: converts longer, finer fibers into worsted (apparel)
Woolen process- utilizes shorter, thicker fibers to produce woolen fabrics, flannels and tweeds
Term
What makes a fine wool breed?
Definition
Fine (USDA Blood system- Merino) produce 22 microns and lower in diameter
64-80+ hanks
Merino, Rambouillet, Targhee, Southdown
Term
What makes a medium wool breed?
Definition
1/4 to 1/2 blood
22-32 microns
48-62 hanks
Corriedale, Columbia, Romeldale, Dorset, Shropshire, Hampshire, Suffolk, Cheviot
Term
Rambouillet sheep
Definition
derived from Spanish Merino sheep
French and German ancestry
American line derived from German line
Term
Southdown Sheep
Definition
Developed in Sussex, England in late 1700 and early 1800s
Imported to Pennsylvania in 1920s
Small to med sized, grey face, polled suited from farm-flock production
Noted for early maturing, mothering ability, average milking
Term
Corriedale Sheep
Definition
Developed in Australia and New Zealand
Distributed throughout world (most popular in S america)
Dual purpose breed adopted to range and farm flock situations
Crossbred with meat sires
Term
Hampshire sheep
Definition
multiple births
weight per age
increased muscling
rapid growth and efficient feed conversion
freedom from unsoundness
Term
Suffolk SHeep
Definition
long, muscular limbs (#1 breed)
valued by farmers and butchers
crossbred with Southdown to reduce temperament
Term
Shropshire Sheep
Definition
heaviest wool producing of medium
Rams well muscled
Ewes- good mothering, milking
Gentile- good for farm flock of club projects
Term
Dorset sheep
Definition
fleece is very white, strong, close and free from dark fiber
ewes good mothers, milkers, multiple births not uncommon
#1 white face breed world and #2 US
medium sized produces adequate carcass
Term
Lincoln sheep
Definition
world's largest breed
heaviest fleeces produced (12-20 lbs)
staple length is longest (8-15 in)
produced well muscled carcasses
female repro problems due to over conditioning and inability to breed back
Term
Romney sheep
Definition
true dual purpose breed adapted to face any type of enviro
highly desirable fleece sought by manufacturers and craftspeople
low grease and high yield
produce heavy muscled carcasses with desirable taste
Term
corssbred wool breeds
Definition
breeds were developed by crossing long and fine wool breeds to improve carcass quality and length of wool fiber
Term
Carpet wool breeds
Definition
course, wiry, tough fleece with fiber length up to 13 inches ( to make carpets with)
Term
Purebred
Definition
provide seed stock to commercial lamb producer
have responsibility of providing progressive genetics
Term
Commercial lamb producer
Definition
produces market lambs if forage and grain is available for finishing lambs
produces feeder lambs for feedlots
Term
Commercial feedlot
Definition
add additional weight and finish for marketing
usually requires 40-60 days of confinement feeding
Marketed at 80-140 lbs
Term
What type of breeders are sheep?
Definition
Seasonal (fall and winter)
Some breeds have longer seasons than others
Fine wool and Dorset are non-seasonal and can get 3 lamb crops in 2 yrs
Term
How long is the estrous cycle in sheep?
Definition
more than 16 days
Term
How long does estrus last in sheep?
Definition
30 hours
Term
What is the gestation period in sheep?
Definition
147 days
Term
Ewe breeds
Definition
good milk production, longevity, wool production, and repro efficiency
White faced and fine-medium wool
Rambouillet, Corriedale, Targhee, Delanie Merino
Term
Ram breeds
Definition
meat type breeds
produced for crossing with female from ewe breeds
noted for fast growth and good carcass
Ex: Suffolk, hampshire, shropshire, southdown, cheviot
Term
Lambs can be ready for market at...
Definition
weaning (100 days)
Requires excellent forage
use of rapidly growing ram
good milking ewe
Term
Lambs should be weaned and finished on
Definition
high concentrate diets
forage quantity and/or quality is poor
lambs fed 40-80 days to proper weight and grade
Term
Sheep are:
Definition
ruminant animals
have multiple live births
flocking instinct
commerical harvest (easily bruised and difficult to remove fleece)
Term
Sheep industry is a _____ industry
Definition
segmented
commercial sheep production- far west & TX
remaining production- purebred and or club lamb
Term
Sheep flavor
Definition
high in short-chained saturated fatty acids
unique or offensive
Term
Sheep palatability
Definition
mutton WWII C- rations (primary reason why sheep production crashed in US)
Term
Regional Production and Harvest Companies of sheep
Definition
ConAgra
Iowa Lamb
Rancher's lamb
Term
Regional consumption of sheep
Definition
primary markets on east and west coast
greater ethnic population
Term
seasonal pricing
Definition
most spring born fed lambs marketed in fall
Term
Parasites in sheep
Definition
extremely susceptible to internal parasite
Term
Red Stomach Worm
Definition
Blood sucker and results in extreme anemia and death if the
animal is not treated
- Treatment includes strategically drenching with anthelmintics
- Rotation of pastures helps break cycle
Term
Liver fluke
Definition
Damages liver and causes bleeding
- Snail is an intermediate host
- Treatment and keeping sheep away from snail producing
environments
Term
Scrapie
Definition
ATSE in sheep and goats (similar to BSE in cows)
- National eradication program in place
Term
Sore mouth
Definition
sores around mouth and lips (virus)
Term
Enterotoxemia
Definition
over-eating disease
caused by clostridia (can vaccinate)
Term
Ketosis
Definition
pregnancy disease
Occurs in late pregnancy/early lactation
- Often with ewes carrying triplets
- Dietary energy deficiency causing rapid catabolism of body
fat
- Feed high energy feeds
Term
Footrot
Definition
infection
hoof trimming and foot bath
Term
US Market Animals
Definition
Broilers 9 billion
Steers and Heifers 35 mill
barrows and gilts 100 mill
wethers and ewws 2.6 mill
Term
Categories of swine breeds
Definition
Colored- paternal- muscle, growth traits, leanness
white- milk, litter size, mothering ability
Term
Pink pig with dark hair
Definition
DUROC
paternal breed
red
droopy ears
Term
Black and white pig with erect ears
Definition
HAMPSHIRE
paternal breed
belted breed
Term
Black with 6 white markings and erect ear pig
Definition
BERKSHIRE
paternal
Angus of pigs (marbled more)
Term
black and white pig with droopy ears
Definition
POLAND CHINA
paternal
markings similar to berkshire
used by genetic companies
Term
black and white spotted with droopy ear pig
Definition
SPOTS
paternal
produce high bred lines in males
Term
White pig with erect ears
Definition
YORKSHIRE
maternal
most common breed
Term
White with large droopy ears pig
Definition
LANDRACE
maternal
Term
White pig with small droopy ear (much smaller than Landrace)
Definition
CHESTER WHITE
maternal
Term
Top 3 pig producing states in US
Definition
IA 19.7k
NC 8.6k
MN 7.6k
Term
Largest US Hog Farms
Definition
Smithfield Food 876,000
Triumph Food 371,000
Seabord Farms 213,000
Term
Geographic shift of pig production
Definition
sow numbers declining in corn states
Numbers inc in NC and OK due to new systems
Some inc in #s as livestock moves west and SW
Term
Specialization of pig production
Definition
allowed producers to specialize in one area of swine production
- pre 1970s- most farms farrow to finish
-most farmers raised corn and hogs
- post 1970s- multi-site prodction, off-site nurseries, off site grow-finish
Term
conventional farrow to finish
Definition
all on one site
-breeding-gestation
-farrowing 3-4 wk
-nursery- to 50 lbs
-finishing to 270 lbs
Term
Segregated early weaning
Definition
3 sites:
1. breeding-gestation and farrowing (2-3 wk)
2. Nursery- to 50 lbs
3. Finishing to 270 lbs
Term
Feeding programs of swine
Definition
phase feeding
split sex
Term
Farrow-finish production system
Definition
all stages of life cycle
declining
most pigmanship skills needed
24-26 weeks
Term
Farrow-wean production system
Definition
breeding, gestation, farrowing, lactation
pigs are sold at weaning (10-12 lbs)
sent to off-site nursery
Sent to wean-finish operation
Wean at 17-18 days
Term
Wean-finish production system
Definition
less pigmanship skills needed
22-24 wks
split-sex feed
Term
Farrow-feeder production system
Definition
breeding, gestation, farrowing, lactation
nursery- producing 50-60 lb pigs, sold to finisher, nursery may be off site
Term
Feeder-finish production system
Definition
least pigmanship skills needed
practice AIAO (all in, all out)
16-18 weeks
split sex feed
Term
Repro performance of sows
Definition
2.2+ liters/ year
weaned litter size of 10 pigs
litter weight > 100 lbs
Term
Sow puberty age
Definition
4-7 mos
Term
Sow estrous cycle length
Definition
21d
Term
Sow duration of estrus
Definition
2-3 d
Term
Sow occurrence of ovultion
Definition
2nd day of estrus
Term
sow gestation length
Definition
114 d
Term
sow 1st estrus postpartum
Definition
3-5 d post-weaning
Term
Mammary soundness of sows
Definition
12-14 evenly space, functional teats
Term
PSE
Definition
Pale Soft Exudative
Term
Sows vs. Gilts
Definition
Sows- larger litters of heavier pigs
Gilts- provide opportunity for genetic change (within the sow herd, especially if selecting own replacement gilts)
Suggested replacement level 20-25%
Term
Boars
Definition
contributes most of genes
-sow produces 20-25 pigs/year
-board produces 5,000 pigs/year
Major influence of carcass quality
Term
EPDs
Definition
expected progeny difference
stages = swine testing and genetic eval system
-NBA (# born alive)
-LWT (21-d litter weight)
-MLI- maternal line index- combines growth and maternal instincts
-SPI- sow productivity index- combines NBA and LWT
-TSI- terminal sire index (combines D/250 and BF)
Term
Use of hybrid swine lines
Definition
common practice for swine industry integrators
farm purchases all breeding stock
all offspring to market- terminal cross
Term
Estrus detection of sow
Definition
expose sow to boar
vocalization, flirt with ears
respond to back pressure
greatly swollen vulva
Boar generates pheromones thru foaming of mouth
Term
Lordosis
Definition
when sow stands for back pressure
Term
Pen mating systems
Definition
natural service
use used on organic farms
1 boar to 5-10 gemales
much less labor
uncertain of exact breeding dates
Term
hand mating systems
Definition
natural service
obscene mating
labor intensive
safety
Term
Boar collection
Definition
collected 2x/week
produce 250-300 mL semen
Ejaculate: pre-sperm, sperm-rich, gelatinous plug
Enough to inseminate 10-15 females
Term
Farrowing
Definition
process of sow/gilt giving birth
Farrowing stalls or crates- protect babies from being crushes, provide for dual heat (babies like 85-95 F)
Term
Pork consumption leaders
Definition
1. CHina 51.1 million metric tons
2. EU 21.3 mill metric tons
3. US 8.7 mill metric tons
Term
Why are calves individually housed at the calf unit?
Definition
individualized care; limits spread of disease
Term
What is importance of colostrum, and what must colostrum score be to be fed at calf unit?
Definition
Antibodies for calf (passive immunity)
Colostrum score 80-90
Term
Identify type of parlor at UF DRU
Definition
(double 12) herringbone
Term
# of cows milked per day at DRU
Definition
510
Term
Milking occurs __ times a day
Definition
2
Term
Each cow milks __ gallons of milk per day
Definition
10
Term
On average, each mature cow eats __ pounds of feed/day
Definition
85
Term
each cow consumes __ gallons of water/day
Definition
35
Term
What is max somatic cell count allowed for milk sales for federal law?
Definition
750,000
Term
What is max somatic cell count allowed for milk sales for SE cooperative?
Definition
400, 000
Term
Explain why cows in hosptial pen may be milk separately from ones in herd
What does DRU do with milk from cows with illnesses/injuries
Definition
Pot cows may have milk that contains antiniotic residue from treatment or calving (can't sell milk for 6 days after calving)
Mil sent to calf unit where it's pasteurized and given to calves
Term
TMR
Definition
Total Mixed ration
Term
Feeds used at DRU in their TMR to feed to cows being milked
Definition
corn silage, soybean meal, dried citrus pulp, whole cottonseed, wet brewer's grain, ground corn
Term
Why would you cull a cow
Definition
low milk production
repro issues
chronic mastitis
udder injuries
feet and leg soundness
temperament
Term
What type of housing system does DRU use
Definition
free stall
Term
What type of operation is UF swine unit?
Definition
farrow to finish
Term
Are sows in FL housed in gestation crates?
Definition
NOOOO
Term
what are some baby pig processing procedures
Definition
clip needle teeth
iron injection
clip tail
Term
what are stressors that occur when piglets are transitioned to nursery
Definition
social, environmental, nutritonal
Term
Pigs leave nursery at __ wks of age and weigh __ lbs
Definition
8; 50
Term
Market hogs consume __ lbs of feed on an as-fed basis from birth to finish
Definition
600-650 lbs
Term
Market hogs in grow-finish stage for __ week
Definition
16
Term
Pig space- __ square feet/pig
Definition
8-10
Term
pip population __ pigs per pen
Definition
40
Term
feeder space- __ pigs per feeder
Definition
5
Term
waterer space- __ pigs per nipple waterer
Definition
10
Term
Pharm products used at UF swine?
Definition
Ivermectin, Dectomax
Term
In sows, __ needle gauge, __ lenth
Definition
16, 1 in
Term
In G-F, __ needle gauge, __ length
Definition
18; 5/8 in
Term
What breed is used to mitigate heat stress in FL cows?
Definition
Brahman
Term
Beef cow BCS
Definition
5, optimal range of 4-6
Term
Management practices of beef cattle
Definition
ear tags
branding
tattooing
Term
Beef cattle optimal size for IM injection
Definition
16 needle gauge
1 in
Term
Can you administer IM shots behind shoulder?
Definition
NOPE.
Term
List some products made from carcass leftovers
Definition
Soap
shampoo
leather goods
ice cream
jello
crayons
paints
upholstery
antifreeze
tires
glue
Term
Cheese are ______ to look okay
Definition
dyed yellow
Term
Dye used in cheese
Definition
Annato
Term
aged cheese has more ____
Definition
lactic acid
Term
Most consumed cheeses?
Definition
cheddar
mozzarella
Term
why is blue cheese blue?
Definition
mold
penicillium microbes
Term
Why does limburger cheese stink?
Definition
it goes through brine washing
Term
what's the difference between baby swiss and swiss?
Definition
hole size
Term
what make swiss cheese have holes?
Definition
CO2
Term
Cheese making process
Definition
1. add in lactobacillus
2. Rennett- curdles milk
3. salt
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