Term
| What is random mating? Why would you want to use it? |
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Definition
| Random mating means that mating of selected breeding tock is not controlled. Selected females and males are kept together and allowed to mate at random. This is practical if the breeder has no knowledge that certain controlled matings might produce better offspring and it requires less labor |
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Term
| What is inbreeding? Why would you use it? |
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Definition
| Inbreeding is mating relatives within a breed. Nearly all purebred animals are inbred to some degree. Livestock raisers usually inbreed to concentrate the good genes known to be present in a superior animal or family into certain future offspring. |
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Term
| What is line breeding? Why would you use it? |
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Definition
| Line breeding is a form of inbreeding in which animals are mated so their offspring retain a high relationship to an outstanding individual. It increases homozygosity but through less intense inbreeding |
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Term
| What is out-breeding? Why do we use it? |
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Definition
| Out-breeding is the mating of animals that are relatively unrelated, usually with diverse type or production traits. You can have species crossing and out crossing |
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Term
| What is out crossing? What do we use it? |
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Definition
| Out-Crossing is when animals to be mated are less related than the average of the breed, generally unrelated for 4-6 generations. Out-crossing may be a temporary interruption in an inbreeding program, practiced when the breeder feels the line being developed lacks in a certain trait and that an out-cross with another line would provide the desired trait. |
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Term
| What is cross-breeding? Why do we use it? |
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Definition
| Cross breeding is the mating of animals of two different breeds. Cross bred animals tend to be more vigorous at ad soon after birth and more resistant to environmental stresses, so they tend to gain faster, and are ore prolific when it is their time to reproduce, than the average of their parents. |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency of the offspring of a cross to perform better than the average of their parents. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of crossbred lambs? |
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Definition
| They are usually larger, more vigorous at birth and gain more rapidly. |
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Term
| What do most broilers and egg laying stocks in commercial poultry units usually result from? |
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Definition
| Most broilers and egg-laying stock in commercial poultry nits result from crosses of two or more inbred lines or strains, the lines or strains being maintained by one of a small number of breeder hatcheries. |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of animals descended from or related to a specific animal or source of genetic stock/ an inbred line |
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Term
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Definition
| A group of animals within a breed with characteristics that distinguish them from others in the breed/ a family with in a breed. |
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Term
| How many chicks can a inbred hen mother each year? |
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Definition
| She can beget 250-275 hens per year |
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Term
| How many Calves can a heifer produce per year? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a breed of livestock or poultry? |
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Definition
| It is a group of animals that results from breeding and selection and that have distinguishable characteristics. |
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Term
| What are 7 common dairy cattle breeds? |
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Definition
| Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, Red and White. |
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Term
| Name 7 common breeds of Beef Cattle |
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Definition
| Angus, Brahman, and Brahman related, Charolasis, Chianina, Gelbvieh, Hereford (horned), Red anus, etc |
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Term
| What kind of animal is the Ayrshire and Brown Swiss? |
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Definition
| It is considered a dual purpose animal because it is adapted to both dairy and beef purposes |
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Term
| What kind of animal is the milking shorthorn? |
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Definition
| It is a distinct part of the shorthorn breed that produces excellent dairy herds |
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Term
| What do all swine producers want to produce? |
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Definition
| Swine are raised to produce lean, high quality pork. They are a "meat type hog" |
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Term
| Name some common breeds of hogs that are raised in this country |
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Definition
| Berkshire, Chester white, Duroc, Hampshire, Poland China, Spotted, Tamworth, Yorkshire, Landrace. |
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Term
| What are the major breeds of sheep raised in the United States? |
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Definition
Fine-Wool Breeds: Merino and Rambouillet
Meet Breeds: Cheviot, Columbia, Corriedale, Dorset, Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire, Southdown, and suffolk |
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Term
| What were Merino and Rambouillet sheep developed for? |
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Definition
| They were developed for high production of fine, high quality wool. * Must lamb and mutton comes from animals that carry merino or rambouillet breeding. |
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Term
| What breeds of lamb are relatively small and compact, and produce excellent carcasses? |
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Definition
| Southdown and Shropshire sheep |
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Term
| What breeds of sheep are more adapted to commercial lamb production due to their large size and more rapid gains? |
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Definition
| Hampshire, Suffolk and Columbia sheep |
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Term
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Definition
| Ewe breeds are strong in traits such as prolificacy, mothering ability, body size, and wool production |
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Term
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Definition
| Ram breeds have strong characteristics in growth rate, muscling and carcass quality. |
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Term
| What are four popular breeds of goats in the United States and what are they breed for? |
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Definition
| The French Alpine, Nubia, Saanen, and Toggenburg are the more popular breeds in the United States. These breeds have their ancestral roots largely in India, Egypt, France, Switzerland, and England. Each has been developed by selection for high milk production and, in the case of the Nubian, for high butterfat percentage. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do broiler or egg production units use to classify birds instead of their breed? |
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Definition
| In broiler or egg production units, it is the commercial name or identification number of the egg producing or broiler stock. |
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Term
| What breed of birds is the source of much of the breeding stock for today's broilers? |
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Definition
| The White Plymouth Rock Breed |
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Term
| What breed of bird is considered to be the standard of commercial egg producing stock? Why? |
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Definition
| The Leghorn is considered to be the standard of commercial egg producing stock. Its small size, early sexual maturity, and high egg production incorporated into lines or strains permit production that is efficient in terms of feed, time, and space. Also their egg shells are white and are preferred by most consumers. |
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Term
| What are three key points that a prospective breeder should carefully consider in the consensus of geneticists? |
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Definition
1. All breeds have both strong and weak points
2. No one breed is best for all important characteristics under all conditions
3. Much hereditary variation exists in all breeds |
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Term
| What should the prospective breeder do before breeding? |
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Definition
1. Determine the prevailing and most productive breed (s) in his or her geographical area
2. Study market demand for animals of different breeds and relate these to potential productivity and profitability
3. Consider other breeds that may be stronger in certain economically important traits than the prevailing breeds in the area |
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Term
| What is the goal of commercial cow calf operations? |
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Definition
| The goal is the production of feeder calves. The investment required for land and cows is high relative to the value of the calves at market time. |
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Term
| At what age are most feeder calves offered for sale? |
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Definition
| Most feeder calves are offered for sale in the spring and fall, having been born 6-8 months earlier. |
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Term
| How big are the number of beef cow operations compared to the actual number of cows in that operation? |
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Definition
| Beef cow herd in the United States can be characterized as large in the number of operations but rather small in the number of cows per operation. |
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Term
| In what states, are the beef cow numbers the highest? |
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Definition
| Beef cow numbers are the highest in the Southwest and Great plains region. The top 5 beef cow producers are 1. Texas, 2. Missouri, 3. Nebraska, 4. Oklahoma, and 5 is South Dakota |
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Term
| What are the 5 major regions of beef cow production in the United States? Why are they successful? |
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Definition
| The top 5 major regions of beef cow production are the Southern United States, The north Central region, he Southwest, the Great Plains and the Western States. They are successful because the feeder producing areas are abundant and relatively inexpensive source of forage. |
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Term
| Why is the Southern Plains and western Corn Belt considered the center of the commercial cattle feeding industry? |
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Definition
| This region has characteristics that permit good feeding enterprises and good animal performance: amply supply of feed grains, abundant forages, and semiarid climate. With these characteristics and the advantages of large volume feed, cost of production can be lower than many smaller farmer feed lots. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ranching is considered a larger operation whereas farming comprises a smaller acreage and usually smaller numbers of cattle. Ranching is more common in the West and on the Plains. |
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Term
| What is required for a profitable cow-calf operation? |
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Definition
| Excellence in genetics, reproduction, nutrition, herd health and close and timely management. |
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Term
| What are some goals for profitability of a cow-calf operation? |
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Definition
1. High Conception Rates: 95 Percent
2. Percent of Calves weaned: 95 %
3. High Production efficiency: low variable and fixed costs
4. High-grade calves: top market Prices |
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Term
| What are Stocker Cattle? Why would farmers use this system? |
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Definition
| It is when farmers and ranchers in the business of producing feeders do not maintain a cow herd but rather purchase weaned calves weighing 400-500 pounds and grow them on grass and cheap roughage until they weigh 700-800 pounds. These stockers then are sold as heavy feeders to be finished on a high gain ration. This specialize system avoids the management of a cow herd and requires less labor, but carries higher financial risks. |
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Term
| What supplemental feed is usually required during the grazing season for cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| When should all cows conceive by? What are they fed? |
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Definition
| Cows need to be bred and all conceive within a 60 day breeding season so the valves will be born early (assuming early spring calving). The cow will more likely be on lush grass during lactation and produce heavier calves at weaning |
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Term
| What are the advantages of fall calving? |
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Definition
| Fall calving has certain advantages such as: low labor and housing requirements at calving time and the calf is large enough by spring to utilize grass effective. |
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Term
| In period 1, the first 82 days after calving, what are the beef cows nutritional needs? |
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Definition
| The cow is lactating heavily, undergoing uterine involution, and preparing for rebreeding. Her nutrient needs are the highest of they year. Because the calf receives most of its nutrients from milk during this period, adequate energy and protein for the cows are essential to permit adequate milk production and calf growth. Lactating cows should receive sufficient protein from young forage, but additional energy may need to be provided from supplemental grain feeding. |
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Term
| What is happening during period two in the beef cow? What are her nutritional requirements? |
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Definition
| During period 2, the cow is in the early stage of pregnancy and still lactating. Assuming she calved in the spring, she should be gaining weight to prepare for the coming winter. Over time, the calf will depend less on milk and consume more grass. Normally the cow is on grass and no supplemental feed is required unless a drought or unusual situation exists. |
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Term
| What is happening during period 3 in the beef cow? What are her nutritional needs? |
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Definition
| In period 3, the calf normally is weaned and the cow is in mid-gestation. She only needs to maintain herself and provide nutrients for the developing fetus. Nutritional needs are lowest, in terms of volume, during this period, and lower quality forages can be fed during this time. |
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Term
| What is happening during late gestation? What are the beef cows nutritional needs? |
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Definition
| During late gestations, or about 50 days prepartum, is considered the second most important period; the cow is preparing for lactation, and this is the time during which 70-80 percent of the toal fetal growth occurs. As a guide, any underconditions cows should receive sufficient nutrients to be gaining weight. |
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Term
| Why is monitoring cows for body condition used? Explain the scoring system |
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Definition
| Monitoring cows for body condition has become more widely used as a tool to reduce the incidence of extremely under or over conditioned cows. Cows are visually evaluated early in and through pregnancy, with emaciated cows receiving a score of 1 and obese cows a score of 9. A well fleshed but not over-conditioned beef cow will score a 4, 5, or 6 and gives to heavier calves. |
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Term
| When are calves usually weaned? |
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Definition
| Calves are normally weaned 6-8 months after birth. In general, 205 days is a weaning age target used by many in the industry. |
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Term
| What is preconditioning and why is it important? |
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Definition
| Negative effects of the stresses from weaning can be minimized if the calves have been fully preconditioned 30-45 days before weaning. Preconditioning might include 1. Castration and dehorning if needed; 2. Worming; 3. Treatment for grubs; 4. Implanting with a growth stimulant; 5. Bovine virus diarrhea, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, leptospirosis, pasturella infection, and black leg; and 6. Adapting to a feedlot finishing ration. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Feeder cattle are fast growing calves, which are relatively heavy at weaning. They will go directly from the producer to the feedlot. They may weigh 600 pounds at weaning and have the genetic capacity to gain rapidly to a finished weight of 1,000 to 1,200 pounds. |
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Term
| What are backgrounded calves and what are their benefits? |
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Definition
| Calves that are light at weaning, 400-500 pounds. Backgrounding consists of feeding a growing ration to calves to weights of 650-700 pounds, a weight range better suited for the finishing feed lot. Backgrounding provides the opportunity to feed homegrown feeds, take advantage of winter labor, and benefit from increased income through efficient weight gains made during this period. |
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Term
| Why are two breed and three breed rotational crosses becoming increasingly popular? |
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Definition
| Because they provide heterosis in the replacement heifer that joins the cow herd which allows for more rapid growth and milk production from that animal. |
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Term
| What happens in the two breed rotational crossbreeding program? |
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Definition
1. Bulls of two breeds are maintained and each is mated to cows of the opposite breed.
2. The offspring heifers are saved fro breeding and then mated to a bull of the breed opposite that of the heifers sire. |
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Term
| What would the birth weight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and gain of pounds/day be on a bull with an excellent performance record? |
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Definition
| A bull having a birth weight of 70-90 pounds, a weaning weight of 600 pounds or more at 205 days, a yearling weight of 1,100 or more, and gaining 3.5 pounds daily or more on test would be considered to have an excellent performance record. Such bulls usually sell for a premium and should sire vigorous and rapidly growing calves. |
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Term
| What factors can be contributed to the steady decline of sheep and lamb inventory over the years? |
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Definition
| Several factors that have contributed to this decline are: low per capita meat demand, availability and price of artificial fibers to replace wool, problems with predators, labor availability and cost, and a decreasing processing and marketing infrastructure. |
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Term
| What are the top 5 states for breeding sheep and replacement lambs? |
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Definition
| 1. Texas, 2. Wyoming, 3. California, 4. Utah, 5. Montana. |
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Term
| In what type of range areas are sheep better suited for cattle? |
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Definition
| Sheep are better suited than cattle for those range areas that have less grass and more brush and shrubs because sheep better utilize some of those latter plant species. |
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Term
| When are most range lambs usually sold? Where do the range operators finish their lambs? |
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Definition
| Most range lambs are sold following weaning, for slaughter if summer range conditions have provided adequate nutrition, or for feeding. Because of the lack of available grains, range operators seldom Finnish their lambs in dry-lot. Almost 49 % of all sheep marketed in 1999 were in predominantly feedlot states; California, Texas, and Colorado. |
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Term
| Because grains are in greater supply, what type of feeding program do farmers start their lambs on at a young age? When are the lambs usually put up for market? |
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Definition
| Because grains are in greater supply, most producers start lambs on a creep feeding program at a young age and market a finished lamb at 3-5 months of age. Many will be marketed at 110 pounds at about 130 days of age. Few lambs from these flocks are sold as feeders. |
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Term
| When are Ewe flocks generally on pasture? What do they do the rest of their time? |
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Definition
| Ewe flocks are generally on pasture 4-8 months each year and during the remaining time utilize forage crop residue or are in dry lot. |
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Term
| What are the main factors affecting the profitability of the Ewe flock? |
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Definition
| The main factors affecting profitability of the Ewe flock are: weaning percentage, death loss, age at culling, and production costs. |
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Term
| What are the production goals that ensure high returns per ewe? |
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Definition
| High conception rates: 95% , high lambing percentages: 175%, low lamb mortality: 10 % or less, a strong marketing program, high quality and yield of wool, longevity of breeding stock, |
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Term
| What takes up 60 percent of the total costs of a sheep operation? |
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Definition
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Term
| When is the Ewe expected to lose 5-7 percent of her body weight? When is she expected to regain it? |
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Definition
| The ewe can be expected to lose 5-7 percent of her body weight due to lactation demands and regain weight and body condition during late gestation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ewe breeds are generally white faced sheep that produce the finer wool. Examples of Ewe breeds are the Merino and Ramboillet. These breeds are adapted to range conditions and have high reproductive efficiency, wool production, milking ability, and longevity. Replacement ewes, both in range areas and for some farm flocks, generally are selected from these breeds or from crosses involving these breeds. |
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Term
| What is the accelerated lambing program? |
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Definition
| This program involves ewes lambing more frequently than once each year, thereby providing a more uniform supply of lambs throughout the year. It allows the manager to take advantage of producing lambs during months when feed is more abundant and cheaper, and marketing when prices are higher. Accelerated lambing requires prolific ewes that can breed successfully at any season of the year. |
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Term
| What does synchronization of estrus allow for? |
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Definition
| Synchronization of estrus can be used to stimulate ewes to initiate the estrous cycle outside of the normal breeding season. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ram breeds tend to be of the meat type and are selected largely on growth rate, efficiency of gains, and carcass quality |
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Term
| What are some problems in sheep management? |
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Definition
| Predator control is a major problem. The coyote is the most costly predator in the western and plain states. External parasites, the availability of experienced and trained personnel is a limiting factor in both range and large confinement enterprises. Lastly, lamb death losses of approximately 15-20 percent are not uncommon in the industry. More intensified sheep enterprises can result in an increase in the occurrence of respiratory diseases, enterotoxemia, and also reproduction diseases that may affect the survivability of embryos or lambs at birth. |
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Term
| When are feeder lambs sold for market? When are large framed lambs sold for slaughter? |
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Definition
| Feeder lambs are sold at 60-75 pounds directly to feeders or through dealers or auctions. Large framed lambs are sold for slaughter at 110-130 pounds. |
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Term
| What does dairy production involve? |
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Definition
| Dairy production is a long term and a relatively high investment business. A milk producer seeks a monetary return for labor, capital, feed, management ability, and the risk assumed. |
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Term
| What has happened to the number of cows and farms throughout the years? |
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Definition
| The number of cows per farm and the productivity per cow have increased dramatically, while the number of farms has decreased |
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Term
| Today, DHI herds produce an average of over ____ pounds of milk per lactation per cow. |
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Definition
| Today DHI herds produce an average of over 22,700 pounds of milk per lactation per cow. |
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Term
| What is the component pricing system? |
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Definition
| It is a system in which payments for both fluid and manufacturing milk are determined according to pounds of protein, butterfat, and other solids. |
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Term
| Due to the high energy requirement for dairy cows, what types of foods are they feed? |
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Definition
| Both grain and high quality forage. |
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Term
| How does climate affect dairy cattle? What can be done to prevent some of these effects? |
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Definition
| All popular breeds of dairy cattle adapt well to cold weather. However, temperatures over 85 degrees for several days, with high humidity, will decrease feed consumption and milk production. These effects can be minimized by good management, including shade, and in the case of confinement unites, air movement and even sprinklers. |
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Term
| What are two things that must accompany the decision to milk cows? |
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Definition
1. the intention of dairying for a span of years
2. A decision to milk enough cows and produce enough milk to be efficient |
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Term
| Why is forage important in a cows diet? What kind of forages are fed to the cow? |
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Definition
| Forage, such as pasture, hay, silage, and freshly chopped forage, is the foundation of most feeding systems for cows. Forage must be of high quality for maximum consumption and milk production. There is a limit to the capacity of a cows digestive system. If forage is low in quality, a cow eats less, and the amount eaten is not efficiently digested. |
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Term
| What is intensive grazing and why may it be beneficial? |
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Definition
| Intensive grazing is where cows are restricted to a strip of pasture sufficient for one or a few days. It makes excellent use of forage and can be practical with a smaller herd that is part of a general farming operation. Confining the cows to dry lot and feeing in the pasture forage freshly chopped also allows more efficient use of the forage, but cost of chopping and hauling, and weather problems, must be considered to determine if the practice is feasible. |
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Term
| What age should heifers enter the milking herd? |
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Definition
| Heifers should enter the milking herd between 22 and 24 months of age. |
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Term
| If dairy bulls are kept to maturity what do they do with them? What are most bull calves fed to produce? |
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Definition
| The dairy bulls that are raised to maturity are used for artificial insemination or for natural service. Most bull calves are fed to produce veal or are further grown and fed for beef. |
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Term
| What kind of diet are veal calves raised on? What age do veal calves go to market? |
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Definition
| Most veal calves are raised on an all milk replacer diet under very controlled management conditions to about 350-420 pounds. They grow quite rapidly, reaching market weight within about 12-16 weeks of age. Most veal commands a premium price, well above beef prices, because of its tender meat. |
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Term
| As with feeding for veal, Why are calves of the heavier breeds (holstein, Brown Swiss) more likely to be profitable when raised for prolonged feeding? |
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Definition
| Holstein and Brown Swiss calves are of the heavier breeds and are more likely to be profitable when raised for prolonged feeding. These large type cattle gain fast, utilize roughage effectively and usually put on low cost gains. The carcasses are more angular and carry less marbling than carcasses from beef animals, but they do yield a high proportion of lean meat. |
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Term
| What are some important areas of herd management? |
|
Definition
1. Selecting for desired production and structural soundness, especially the udder and the feed and legs.
2. Maintaining excellence in reproductive and overall herd health to achieve a 12.5 to 13 month calving interval
3. Feeding according to milk production and body condition
4. Using records for herd management and decision making.
5. Providing proper housing for comfort and cleanliness of the cow
6. Using proper milking procedures that ensure high quality milk and a healthy udder. |
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|
Term
How Long are Dairy Cows Pregnant? |
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Definition
| Dairy Cows are Pregnant for 280 days |
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|
Term
Today, What Kind of Rations are Dairy Cows Generally Fed?
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Definition
Dairy Cows are generally fed rations as total mixed rations (TMR) where all components of the ration are carefully weighed and blended together. |
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Term
| What are the 4 different groups of cows that are grouped and fed together according to their production level? |
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Definition
1. High Production Group 2. Low Production Group 3. First Lactation Cows 4. Non-lactating cows and heifers approaching parturition
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|
Term
What are High Producing cows expected to consume in terms of their: -The % of theri body weight in bounds of dry matter - |
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Definition
High producing cows can be expected to consum 3.8-4.0 percent of theri body weight in pounds of dry matter daily.
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|
Term
| Why do dairy farmers use body condition scoring as a management tool? |
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Definition
Because Fat covering is an excellent indicator of the amount of stored energy in dairy cows. For instance: Excessively Fat Cows: are more apt to have calving difficulty and often have sluggish apetites after calving Cows with insufficient body reserves: produce less milk and are more prone to metabolic disorders and impaired reproductive performance. *Therefore, body condition scoring is helpful in determining when to move cows into other production groups or to provide special attention to particular cows. |
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Term
| How does the Numerical System work in terms of scoring Dairy Cows? |
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Definition
It scores dairy cows from 0-5 with half scores in between whole numbers. 0=Extremely Emaciated 5=very fat -These scores are based primarily on observance and feel of fat covering around the tailhead and rump area. |
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|
Term
| For the numerical system to be effective when should dairy cows be scored? |
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Definition
| Dairy cows should be scored at calving time, peak production, mid-lactation, and when ready for the non-lactating (dry) period. |
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|
Term
| Why are records necessary in the dairy herd? |
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Definition
They Present: -The present performance of the dairy herd -establish attainable performance goals -and help to decide how to reach these goals
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|
Term
| What is the official Dairy Herd Improvement? |
|
Definition
| It is a public records system. Dairy herds are enrolled in this program through state dairy associations and sponsorship by USDA and state extension services. |
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Term
| What does the Dair Herd Improvement do? |
|
Definition
For most official DHI programs, a trained supervisor checks each farm monthly to obtain milk yields and samples from each cow. Samples are sent to a central milk testing laboratory, generally within the state, where each sample is analyzed for protein, fat, and somatic cell content. These results, and other herd information, are compiled in a computer and usually are teleprocesses to one of the nine Dairy Records Processing Centers located in the United States.
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|
Term
| What kind of valuable mangement information does the monthly DHI reports provide the herd manager? |
|
Definition
1. Production, income, and feed cost summary 2. Current breeding and reproductive summaries 3. The rolling yearly herd average for milk, fat, and protein yield.
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|
Term
| What is the Predicted Producing Ability and Why is it useful? |
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Definition
The Predicted Producing Ability ranks each cow in he herd according to her expected deviation from herdmates; it is best used to determine the most productive cows in the next lactation.
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|
Term
| What is the Predicted Transmitting Ability and why is it useful? |
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Definition
| The Predicted Transmitting ability is the best indicator of a cow's transmitting ability, and both production and pedigree information are considered in its calculation |
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|
Term
| What percentage of the beef consumed in the United States comes from animals that are primarily of dairy breeding? Why would farmers do this? |
|
Definition
| It is estimated that 15-20 percent of the beef consumed in the United States comes from animals that are primarily of dairy breeding. The marketing of cull cows for beef provides from 5-10 percent of the gross retursn to the dairy producer |
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|
Term
| What are the 5 leading goat states? |
|
Definition
1. California 2. Wisconsin 3. Ohio 4. New york 5. Oregon
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|
Term
| What are Does? and what age are they usually breed? |
|
Definition
| Does are female goats. They are usually bred at 10-12 months of age at 85-90 pounds. |
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|
Term
| How long is a goats estrust cycle and in what months does it usually occur? How long do they usually lactate for? |
|
Definition
| Estrous cycle length averages 21 days during the breeding season, usually from August through January. Does lactate for 8-10 months |
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|
Term
| What are some common problems in goats? |
|
Definition
1. Coccidiosis is a comon problem in wet and unclean housing 2. Caprine Arthritis and encephalitis is the gretes cause of animal and milk loss
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|
Term
| What is Free Stall Housing? |
|
Definition
| It is a common system for housing that allow the cow to enter freely, lie down, and leave, but not turn around. Cows step up from an alley behind the stalls, and if properly designed, the cows position ensure that urine and feces will drop into the alley. These and any wet bedding are removed at least daily with scraping vehicles, automatic scrapers, or by flushing with water. |
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Term
| What is a Milking Parlor? |
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Definition
| A milking parlor is a special facility in which cows, goats, or sheep are milked. |
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Term
| What are Modern tie-stall barns? |
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Definition
| They generally house two rows of 30-45 cows. Most are arranged so cows face outward, with a central alley behind and a feed alley in front of the cows. Each cow is provided an individual stall and quickly learns to select her stall when entering the barn. Each cow receives her individual feed allowance so feed intake can be better controlled, and cows can receive more individual attention. Milking in tie stalls is more strenuous then milking parlors |
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Term
| Name the three classes of milk and give descriptions for each. |
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Definition
Class 1: The highest price class including; whole, low fat, skim, and flavored milk, milk drinks, and buttermilk. Grade A milk that is used in manufactured products is placed in one or two lower price classes
Class II: includes frozen deserts, cottage cheese, and cream.
Class III: includes frozen desserts, cottage cheese, and cream. It includes milk used for buter and cheese, in most cases. *The quality of the milk is no different; the proportion placed in each class is simply dependent on the amount that can be used for class I purposes, then for class II purposes
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Term
| In what season is milk production slightly higher? |
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Definition
| It is higher in the spring. |
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Term
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Definition
| Milk prices paid to producers are usually quoted on a hundredweight (cwt) basis. |
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Term
| How is the average price per cwt that a processor pays determined? |
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Definition
It can be determined by one of the following: 1. supply and demand 2. A price set by bargaining between the procesor and a producer association 3. A price determined by previously agreed upon formula, as in federal order markets
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Term
| What Act, allowed for a recent change in the dairy market? |
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Definition
| The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act. The purpose of this act was to 1. consolidate the 33 federal orders into 11 orders and 2. create a more equitable ssytem for producers and processors |
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Term
| What is the Multiple Component Pricing System? |
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Definition
| It is the most recent milk pricing system. This system places a value on milk based on its most valuable components, protein, fat, and other solids, in accordance with their use in consumer purchased products. Under the MCP system, dairy farmers are provided a greater incentive to produce the components in milk of highest value, flavor, and nutrition. |
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Term
| What percent of fluid milk leaving production units is processed for consumption as whole milk, skim milk or low fat milk? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is dried skim milk useful? |
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Definition
Dried skim milk, with only the water and fat removed, is very high in protein and highly digestible. The protein is also of high quality, containing significant levels of critical amino acids, so dried skim milk is valuable in feeds for non ruminants such as pigs, chickens, claves, and also pets. |
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Term
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Definition
| Horses used in earlier years for farm tillage and field work and for hauling commodities and produce-large muscular animals weighing 2000 to 2600 pounds |
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Term
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Definition
| A term used to describe smaller, less muscular, lightweight horses used for pleasure and for handling livestock. |
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Term
| In most livestock and poultry breeds, all animals of one breed are of similar color, and color is nearly always a primary differentiating factor among breeds. Is this true for horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the colors of a Bay Breed of Horses? |
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Definition
Bay: A mixture of red and yellow. A light bay shows more yellow, a dark bay more red. The darkest is the mahogany bay. Bays always have black points (mane, tail and legs) |
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Term
| What are the colors of a Black Horse Breed |
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Definition
Black: True black without light areas. A black horse almost invariably has black eyes, hoof, and skin. The points are always black. |
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Term
| What colors are usually found in the Brown Breed of Horses? |
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Definition
Brown: Body brown, usually with light areas at muzzle, eyes, and flank. Many brown horses are mistakenly called black becasue they are so dark. The mane and tail are black.
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Term
| What colors are the Chestnut breed of horses? |
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Definition
Chestnut: The coat is basically red, varying from a bright yellowish red to rich mahogany red. The mane and tail are normally the same shade as the body. If the mane and tail are lighter, the horse is termed a flax or flaxen chestnut. The mane and tail are never black. |
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Term
| What colors are the white breed of horses? |
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Definition
White: The true white horse is born pure white and remains pure white through out its lifetime. Very little, if any, seasonal change takes place in its coat color. Age does not affect it. |
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Term
| What are the major variations of color in a Dun and Buckskin Horse? |
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Definition
Dun and Buckskin: The dominant hair is some shae of yellow, which may vary from a pale yellow to a dirty canvas color, with mane, tail, skin, and hoofs grading from white to black. Duns often have a dorsal stripe. Buckskins usually have black points. |
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Term
| What are the major variations of color in a Gray Breed of Horses? |
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Definition
Gray: Born blue or almost black, more and more white hairs come into the coat until the age of 8 or 10, when the horse will appear almost white. The dapple (small patches or spots of black) generally comes between the second and fifth year. |
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Term
| What are the major color variations in the Palomino breed of Horses? |
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Definition
Palomino: A golden color, varying from bright copper color to light yellow, with white mane and tail. True palominos have no black points. The breed description lists the idea color as that of a "newly minted coin." |
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Term
| What are the major variations in color for the Pinto (Calico or paint) Breed of horses? |
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Definition
A pinto is a spotted horse that has more than one color in or on its coat in large irregular patches or spots, usually on a white background.
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Term
| What is the conformation and size in draft breeds of horses? |
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Definition
| Draft breeds commonly stand 64-68 inches tall and may weigh a ton or more. |
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Term
| What is the conformation and size in a pony? |
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Definition
| Ponies may be only 36 inches tall at the withers and weigh as little as 500 pounds |
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Term
| What are Riding horses used for? |
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Definition
Uses: 1. Three gaited saddle horses 2. Five gaited saddle horses 3. Walking Horses 4. Stock Horses 5. Polo mounts 6. Hunters and Jumpers 7. Ponies for riding
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Term
| What are Race Horses used for? |
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Definition
1. Running race horses 2. Harnes race horses 3. Quarter race horses 4. Heavy harness horses 5. Fine harness horses
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Term
| What are Driving Horses used for? |
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Definition
1. Roadsters 2. Ponies for driving: -Harness show ponies -Heavy harness ponies
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Term
| What are Draft Horses used for? |
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Definition
1. Power 2. Work (especially in the winters) 3. Parades (advertising)
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Term
| Name as many Common light breeds of horses as you can. |
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Definition
1. American Albino 2. Quarter Horse 3. American Saddle Horse 4. Appaloosa 5. Arabian 6. Hackney 7. Morgan 8. Morroco Spotted 9. Palomino 10. Pinto 11. Standardbred 12. Tennesee Walking Horse 13. Thoroughbred |
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Term
| Name as many Draft Breeds of Horses as you can. |
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Definition
1. Belgian 2. Clydesdale 3. Percheron 4. Shire 5. Suffolk
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Term
| Name as many common breeds of ponies as you can. |
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Definition
1. Pony of the Americas 2. Shetland Pony 3. Welsh Pony
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Term
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Definition
Conformation is defined as an arrangement and blending of muscle, bone, and other body tissue that results in a desired balance and pleasing appearance. *Each breed has differences in conformation desired by breeders and owners |
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Term
Describe the conformation of the head on a horse. (Ears, eyes, nostrils, jaw and muzzle) |
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Definition
On the Head of a horse: Ears: squarely set and proportional to the head Eyes: are bright, large, properly located to the side to provide a rounded arch of vision Nostrils: large Jaw and Muzzle: well defined
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Term
| Describe the conformation of the Neck of a horse. |
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Definition
Neck: long and slender, proportional to length of head and should junction at the chest.
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Term
Describe the conformation of the following on the horse: -Shoulder -Withers -Back -Barrel |
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Definition
Shoulder: proper angle (45-50 degrees) in relation to the pasterns Withers: Sharp, prominent, slightly higher than hind quarters Back: Short top line
Barrel: Ribbed high, adequate depth of heart, well proportioned
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Term
Describe the conformation of the following on the horse: -Hind quarters -Feet and legs |
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Definition
Hind Quarters: square, full appearance when viewed from side, well proportioned under the body Feet and Legs: straight line from point of buttocks to hocks, parallel to cannon bone, and slightly behind the heel
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Term
| How can you tell the age of the horse if you do not have its birth date? |
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Definition
You can tell the age of the horse by lookin at the number, size, wear, and degre of forward angle of the teeth. Temporary teeth are smaller and usually whiter than permanent teeth. A mature male usually has 40 teeth and a mature female usually has 36. A foal of either sex at 6-10 months has 24 teeth. |
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Term
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Definition
Unsoundness refers to an injury or deviation in structure that limits the usefulness of the horse, from very slight to severe, and adversely affects its value.
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Term
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Definition
Blemishes refer to less serious defects in a horse, such as a wire cut injury, that do not affect soundness but may detract from a horse's appearanc, thus reducing its value. Horses often have blemishes but are sound. |
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Term
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Definition
A gait is a rythmic movement of the feet and legs, natural or acquired by training. The three natural gaits are the walk, trot, and canter or gallop
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Term
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Definition
| A term used to denote the number of movements in a gait. |
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Term
| What type of housing are horses usually kept in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is important for horses who are kept in stalls? |
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Definition
| Considerable exercise is important for horses kept in stalls, for their health and vigor and to prevent development of bad habits or vices due to boredom. Open and luxuriant pasture can provide both exercise and a part of the nutritional needs. |
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Term
| What kind of food should the horses have access to? |
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Definition
| Horses may ahve access to hay on a continuing basis, and any grain fed should be in small amounts provided two or three times per day, not in one large portion once a day. Plenty of clean, fresh water should be available to the horse at all times. |
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Term
| What would the horse be fed if it had a maintenance ration? |
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Definition
Maintenance ration: -9% crude protein -2% body weight per day as forage Usually do well on forage, mineralized salt block and water.
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Term
| What would a horse be fed if it was on a gestation ration? |
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Definition
Gestation Ration: -11% crude protein -0.6% Calcium and 0.5% phosphorus -Increase concentrate to 1% of body weight/day -Free access to water and good forage |
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Term
| What would a horse be fed if it was on a Lactating Ration? |
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Definition
Lactating Ration: -13-14% Crude Protein -1 1/2% of body weight as concentrate -Feed frequent small meals -Calcium at 1% and phosphorus at 0.7%
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Term
| What would a horse be fed on a work ration? |
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Definition
Work Ration: -Depends on exercise level -8-10% Crude Protein -Energy is 25%, 50%, and 100% above maintenance for light, medium, and strenuous exercise -Frequent meals -1% of body weight is minimum/day of forage
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Term
| What should a horse be fed if it was on a Weanling Ration? |
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Definition
Weanling Ration: -16% crude protein -1% Calcium and 0.8% phosphorus -Limited feed concentrate 1 lb/day/month of age -Access to free exercise, minerals, water, and good alfalfa
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Term
| What should a horse be fed on a Yearling ration? |
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Definition
Yearling Ration: -14% Crude Protein -0.6% Calcium and 0.5 % phosphorus -1 1/2% of body weight/day as hay -Plenty of exercise, water, and minerals
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Term
| How much does forage constitute of the daily ration of the horse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is it a rule that horses should consume no less than 1 percent of ther body weight in hay? |
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Definition
To ensure proper functioning of their digestive system.
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Term
| What are the most common horse disease and how can they be prevented? |
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Definition
Most Common Horse Diseases: -Tetanus, strangles, influenza, eastern and western encephalomyelitis, viral rhinopneumonitis, colic, and founder
They can be prevented by: -an initial vaccination followed by annual booster shots to maintain immunity
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Term
When horses are moved to another stable, what test can be performed to test for equine infectious anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the average gestation length for the mare? |
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Definition
| The average gestation length is about 345 days, but it will vary from 320-360 days, depending upon factors such as the breed, sex of the foal, and plane of nutrition |
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Term
| The five top egg producing states account for more than ___ percent of eggs produced. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the top egg production states in the United States? |
|
Definition
1. Iowa 2. Ohio 3. Pennsylvania 4. Indiana 5. California ...
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Term
| What are commercial operations for egg production? |
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Definition
Commercial Operations are produced for cartoning or processing |
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Term
| What are breeder operation for egg production? |
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Definition
Breeder operations produce eggs that will be hatched and the chicks will become paretns and grandparents of birds in the commercial operations
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Term
| What are specialized units for egg production? |
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Definition
Specialized units: Some may produce organic or "open range" eggs. Some may supply eggs to farmers markets or deliver weekly to homes on a subscription arrangement. These operations, generally among the smaller, tend to seve a specific market sector. |
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Term
| What are Hobby operations for egg production? |
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Definition
Hobby Operation: These may range from a few birds to supply eggs for home use to breeders who maintain rather pure lines of the historic breeds. |
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Term
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Definition
Caotene is a precursor of vitamen A found largely in the yellow and greed pigments of plants . This is usually added in rations with forages that have lost some provitamin A during maturation, curing or storage |
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Term
|
Definition
An antioxidant is a compound that prevents oxidation. Used in mixed feeds to prevent rancidity or los of vitamin potency
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Term
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Definition
Micronutrients are nutrients added in extremely small quantities to rations. In rations, a safety factor may be added because of th edanger of incomplete mixing of micronutrients. |
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Term
| What is usually the criterion for determining the proportion of major inredients in rations for nonruminants? Why? |
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Definition
| Protein is usually the criterion for determining the proportion of major ingredients in rations for nonruminants. Protein is the most expensive of the macronutriens and cannot be replaced, as carbohydrate can be replaced by fat to provide energy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Protein quality is the amounts and balance of essential amino acids needed to meet the needs of the animal. |
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Term
| What is idea protein? And which animal does this concept apply to? |
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Definition
In swine, the concept of ideal protein: the essential amino acid requirements expressed in a proportional relationship to the requirements of the amino acid lysine may be used.
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Term
| Why is there a limit to the amount of molasses, fish solubles, or animal fat that other ingredients will absorb? |
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Definition
An excess will cause the feed to cake or set up in storage or in a feeder. Pellets made from the mixture will crumbe. Also, feeds that are too dusty or otherwise unpalatble will not be consumed well. |
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Term
| How does the prices of protein sources have a reat influence on the cost of a ration per pound and therefore on the cost of weight gain? |
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Definition
Because protein is the most expensive macronutrient, the prices of protein sources have a great inflence on the cost of a ration per pound and therefore on the cost of weight gain. EX. During seasons when protein sources such as oil meals are relatively cheap, it is usually advantageous to feed as high a protein level as will be beneficial to animal performance. In such cases, the most rapid gains will be the cheapest gains because the animals are maintained fewer days and a larger proportion of consumed nutrients is used for growth. |
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Term
| What kinds of animals is maximum feed consumption desired for? |
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Definition
Maximum feed consumption is usally desired for young animals-chicks, pigs, calves and lambs, so they will be sure to consume enough nutrients to supply their needs.
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Term
| What kind of grounds and rations do animals prefer? |
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Definition
| Animals prefer freshly ground or mixed rations |
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Term
| What kind of feeding systems do most large poultry and swine units have? What do theses feeding systems do? |
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Definition
Most large poultry and swine units have mechanical feeding systems that bring fresh feed to the feeders or troughs multiple times in 24 hrs. These systems are usually computer controlled, so the times can be easily changed as needed.
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Term
| What happens when poultry producers use batch feeders? |
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Definition
When batch feeders are used, poultry producers may stir the feed several times daily, and some let the feeders remain empty for an hour or two each day. Then, when fresh feed is supplied, the birds can really eat. |
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Term
| What substances can be added for pigs or poultry to encourage feed intake? |
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Definition
In some instances, for pigs or poultry, sugar, molasses, saccharin, or other flavors may be added to encourage feed intake.
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Term
| What is feed consumption in swine and poultry expressed as? What happens as the animal grows? |
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Definition
Feed consumption, in swine and poultry, is expressed as a percentage of body weight. It declines as the animal grows because volume consumed does not increase as fast as body weight. |
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Term
| Why is it that in calves and lambs, feed consumption increases faster than body weight? |
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Definition
In calves and lambs, feed consumption increases faster than body weight because of the development of the rumen and other stomach compartments, and because the animals consume increasing proportions of less efficiently digest roughages. |
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Term
| What kinds of feeds vary in palatability in terms of poultry and swine? |
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Definition
For poultry, corn is considered more palatable than grain sorghum or most small grains, and amond the small rains, wheat is most palatable to swine and poultry. Cracked, rolled, or crushed grain is usually more desired than whole kernels but most not be ground too fine.
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Term
| For monogastric animals, which protein is most palatable of common protein feeds? Why are complete supplement feeds sold in the midwest composed largely of this protein? |
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Definition
Soybean meal is the most palatable of common protein feeds. Complete supplements sold in the midwest are usually composed largely of soybean meal because of its economy, availabilit, and good, uniform quality. |
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Term
| If many valuable ingredients are relatively unpalatable, how are they used in feeds? Give some examples of some unpalatable feeds used. |
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Definition
Many valuable ingredients are relatively unpalatable so must be used in limited quantites or in combination with especially well liked feeds. Examples: Meat and bonemeal is relatively unpalatable, especially for young animals. Milk byproducts are unpalatable when fed alone but seem to improve the palatability of supplements or complete rations.
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Term
| What can be used to limit feed intake of sows or boars? Why? |
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Definition
| Alfalfa meal, ground oats, and distiller's solubles are not especially well liked because of their small particle size and tendency to be dusty. Therefore, they may be used to limit feed intake of sows or boars. |
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Term
| How does the availability of feed that is clean and fresh help feed intake? |
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Definition
| Animals prefer freshly ground or mixed rations. Self feeders should be closely adjusted to prevent feed accumulation in the trough where it may become stale or moldy. |
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Term
| Why are feed additives, including certain antibiotics, often used in poultry and swine rations? |
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Definition
| Feed additives improve growth rate and feed conversion, and also reduce mortality and morbidity caused by clinical and subclinical infections. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Anthelmintics is a substance that destroys or expels intestinal parasites |
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Term
| Generally, the smaller the animal, the higher the metabolic rate and the higher the requirement for ______ and ______, expressed as percentages of the ration. |
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Definition
| Generally, the smaller the animal, the higher the metabolic rate and the higher the requirement for protein and vitamins, expressed as percentages of the ration. |
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Term
| What does first day colostrum contain? Why is it so important? |
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Definition
First day colostrum is very high in protein, vitamin A, and minerals, and also contains large quantities of antibodies that help newborn animals resist disease and infection. Newborn animals that have little antibody material in their blood at birth,are more susceptible to disease.
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Term
| Energy requirements for dams in all species of farm animals increase markedly at the beginning of lactation. What else is required in higher proportion during the beginning of lactation? |
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Definition
| More energy and also more protein, minerals, and vitamins are neded for milk production than for development of the embryo in the uterus. |
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Term
| What kind of problem do excessively fat females experience during birth? |
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Definition
| Excessively fat femals are more likely to experience dystocia (difficult birth) because of greater fetal size and excessive internal fat. |
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Term
How much dry matter do: -most silages contain -most hay contain |
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Definition
Most Silages contain about 33-35% dry matter Most Hay contains about 80-90 percent dry matter
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|
Term
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Definition
Enterotoxemia is an acute disease within the intestine caused by the organism Clostridium perfrinens; It is highly fatal and most common in sheep and cattle on concentrate rations |
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Term
|
Definition
Acidosis is a decrease of alkali in body fluids in proportion to the acid content; common in ruminants with sudden ration change and lowered rumen pH.
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Term
| A high quality milk replacer for calves should provide: |
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Definition
| all needed nutrients, including the essential amino acids, be highly digestible, be high in energy, and be less than 0.5% fiber. |
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Term
| Name the large breed calves, and state how many pounds of dry replacer they should receive daily. |
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Definition
| The large breed calves-Holstein, and Brown Swiss- should receive about 1 pound of dry replacer daily |
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Term
| Name the small breed calves and state how much dry replacer they should receive daily |
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Definition
| Small breed calves-Ayrshire, Guernsey, and Jersey-should receive proportionally less than the large breed calves, or aproximately 0.7-0.8 pounds daily |
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Term
| Which breed of dairy cows, holsteins or Herefords, grow in weight more rapidly than the other? |
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Definition
| Holsteins grow more rapidly than do Herefords |
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Term
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Definition
| Founder is a digestive malfunction in a horse, usually caused by excessive overeating. Symptoms include high temperature, food deformity, and pain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Refer to animals that are raised or sold for the purpose of going into an intensive feeding program. The term applies to pigs, lambs, and cattle. |
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Term
| Name some breeds that are used heavily in the southwestern and Gulf Coast states because of their tolerance to extreme heat and resistance to certain insects prevalent in those areas. |
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Definition
| Brahman, Santa Gertrudis, and Charbray, as well as animals that are crosses between these and English breeds (Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn) |
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Term
| What is important about Holstein cattle and Brown Swiss Cattle? |
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Definition
| These cattle normally gain faster, produce more carcass per pound of feed, and have higher percentage of lean in the carcass than the traditional breeds. |
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Term
What should the following Cattle weigh: -Feeder calves purchases soon after weaning -Yearling steers or heifers -Older and heavier cattle at ideal market weights |
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Definition
Feeder Calves purchased soon after weaning should weigh on average about 550-600 pounds Yearling Steers or Heifers usually weight between 700-800 pounds Older and Heavier Cattle, if high quality, are put on a concentrate ration rapidly in order to produce desirable quality carcasses before the animals pass the ideal market weights, generally between 1,100 and 1,300 pouds.
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Term
| What are the characteristics of sheep of fine wool breeding? |
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Definition
| They are narrower, rangier, and produce a less desirable carcass. Most ewe flocks in range areas are of fine wool breedin becasue of the heavy yield of high quality wool these breeds produce, and also becasue their type and conformaton make them more adapted to range conditions |
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Term
| What do the Hampshire, Suffolk, Columbia, and Corriedale Rams have in common? |
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Definition
| They are popular as crossbred lambs because they are mor vigorous and gain faster, both on the range and in the feedlot. They are popular because of their large mature size, ruggedness, and muscling. |
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Term
| At what age of all lambs in range areas sold to feedlot operators. |
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Definition
| Essentially, all lambs in the range areas are sold to feedlot operators after weaning at 5-8 months of age and 65-90 pounds. |
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Term
| Why is the majority of cattle and lamb feeding located in the Great Plains and Western Corn Belt? |
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Definition
-Desirable Climate -Proximity to Grain supply -Sparse population and more open space |
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Term
| What are the top 3 leading states for Cattle production? |
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Definition
1. Texas 2. Kansas 3. Nebraska |
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Term
| What is Zoonoses? Give examples |
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Definition
Diseases that can be transmitted between humans and animals. Some examples are: Bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, psittacosis, rabies, trichinosis, Q Fever, Salmonellosis, and others.
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Term
| What are some common Deficiency Diseases in Cattle |
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Definition
| Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Calcium, Phophorus, Selenium, Vitamin E, Magnesium, Manganese, Cobalt, Iron, and Iodine |
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Term
| What are some common nutritional dificiency diseases in Sheep? |
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Definition
| Vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin K, Calcium, Phosphorus, Selenium and Vitamin E, Cobalt, Iron, Copper, and Iodine |
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Term
| What are some common metabolic diseases in Horses? |
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Definition
| Lactation tetany of mares, Azoturia |
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|
Term
| What are some common metabolic diseases in cattle? |
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Definition
| Rumen acidosis, ketosis, fat cow syndrome, milk fever, transportation tetany, brisket disease, |
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Term
| What are some common metabolic diseases in Swine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some common metabolic diseases in Sheep? |
|
Definition
| Pregnancy Toxemia (ketosis) |
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|
Term
| What are some Infectious reproductive diseases among cattle? |
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Definition
| Brucellosis, vibriosis, and leptospirosis |
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Term
| What are some important characteristics about Holsteins? |
|
Definition
Holsteins represent about 90 percent of all dairy cows in the U.S -They are known for their higher yeilds of milk -Many Holstein hers will average over 22,000 pounds of milk per cow per lactation -The average for all Holsteins on official Dairy Herd Improvement records is 19,000 pounds of milk per cow per lactation period |
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Term
| Although smaller breeds of Dairy cattle such as the Jersey and Guernsey only range about 11,500 to 13,000 pounds of milk per cow per lactation, their average percentage of milk solids is ___ that of the Holstein |
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Definition
| considerably higher than that of the Holstein |
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Term
| A properly fed and well managed milking doe (goat) can be expected to have a lactation of about ____ days in length and produce ____ to ____ pounds of milk |
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Definition
| lactation of about 305 day sin length and produce 1,800 to 1,900 pounds of milk |
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Term
| How many teats should a cow, a lamb and goat, and a horse have? |
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Definition
A cow: has 4 teats A Lamb and Goat: has 4 teats A horse: has 2 teats A sow: should have 14 teats
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Term
| Why would Hog producers use a Duroc boar, a Ladrace boar, or a spotted boar to crossbreed? |
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Definition
Duroc Boars: have increased prolificacy Landrace Boars: increase length Spotted boars: increase muscling
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Term
| What breeds of Swine are known for prolificacy and milking ability? |
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Definition
| Landrace, Chester, Yorkshire, or Large White=All white breeds |
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Term
| What breeds of swine are known for their promotion of growth, muscling, and leanness on the sire side? |
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Definition
| Hampshire, Duroc, or Spotted |
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Term
| What are some examples of catle that are considered a dual purpose animal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some examples of Dairy Cattle raised in the US? |
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Definition
| Red and White Cow, Brown Swiss Cow, Guernsey Cow, Holstein Cow, Jersey Cow |
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Term
| What are some examples of Beef cattle raised in the U.S? |
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Definition
| Angus Cow and Calf, Brhman Cow and Calf, Brangus Bull, American Herford Bull and Calf, Charolais Bull, Shorthorn Cow and Calf |
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Term
| What chicken is considered to be the standard of commercial egg producing stock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What breed has been the source of much of the breeding stock for todays broilers? |
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Definition
| The White Plymouth Rock Breed |
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Term
| What is the most valuable byproduct of meat animal production? |
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Definition
Wool. It is by far the most used natural animal fiber for fabrics. To the consumer, it is a reliable and increasingly versatile fiber that, when woven into cloth, contributes to warmth and an attractive appearance. |
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Term
| What kind of lamb does the American farmer and consumer prefer? |
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Definition
The American farmer and consumer prefer a meat type lamb and breeding animals have been selected primarily for meat rather than wool production.
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Term
| Currently, about 90 percent of the wool used by U.S. mills is used as apparel wool in the production of _____ and _____ fabrics. |
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Definition
Currently, about 90 percent of wool used by U.S. mils is used as apparel wool in the production of worsted and woolen fabrics.
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Term
| Wool is composed primarily of... |
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Definition
Wool is composed primarily of amino acids, especially those containing sulfure. The manner in which the amino acids are linked chemically into peptide chains probably explains some of the wool's unique characteristics.
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Term
| What are the Characteristics of wool? |
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Definition
Wool is: -Elastic: It can be stretched 30 percent or crumpled tightly, and will recover its natural shape rapidly. -Wool has Crimp: This natual wavy appearance adds to its effective elasticity, but also provides other advantages. Crimp allows for a bulky effect that proiveds for incredible insulation value. -water repellent -Wool is strong: It is often said that a single wool fiber is stronger than steel of the same diameter.
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Term
| What is Crimp in wool fiber? |
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Definition
Crimp are natural waves in wool fiber that provide characteristics of elasticity and resilience. |
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Term
| What do the attributes of wool quality include? |
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Definition
Includes: Fineness, length, crimp, color, strength, uniformity, and in grease wool, percentage and kind of foreign material. *Fineness is considered to be the most important characteristic.
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Term
| Explain the Spinning Count and How it grades wool. |
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Definition
The Spinning count system is used for grading wool according to fineness. The spnning count is the basis of USDA grades, even though the blood system is well known and used. The grade number in the spinning count system refers to the hanks (560 yards per hank) of yarn that theoretically can be woven from 1 pound of scoured wool.
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Term
| What kind of information does the USDA give from using the Spinning count system for wool? |
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Definition
| The USDA does not provide a grading service, but the standards are used as guidelines in virtually all buying and selling. |
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Term
| Why are Merino Sheep so great? |
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Definition
| The Merino breed produces fine, high quality wool, and fineness is highly inherited. According to the USDA, the Merino received a USDA Grade of Finer than 80 |
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Term
| Why is Fineness important for wool? |
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Definition
| Fineness is important becasue it allows the spinning of a finer yarn, tighter weaving of cloth, and production of lighter fabrics and garments. Fine wool often has more crimp, too. |
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Term
| Why is crimp important in wool? |
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Definition
Crimp helps individual fibers cling together during spinning, so that a strong yarn can be woven with fewer fibers lying parallel. Crimp also contributes to lighter weight garments and more efficient wool use. *Fine Wool often has 15 or more crimp per inch; coarser wool has less. |
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Term
| Why is the length of the fiber important in wool quality. |
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Definition
Length of fiber is a quality factor. Though fine fleeces usuall yhave relatively short fibers, the longer the better. The reason for this is apparent, too, in spinning a strand of strong yarn. |
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Term
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Definition
"Combing" wool is long enough that regular combing machines can sort and straighten the fibers to make "worsted" yarn, which is smooth and used for light, high quality cloth. This wool is also called "staple length." |
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Term
| What is "French Combing" wool? |
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Definition
"French Combing" wool is handled essentially the same as regular combing wool, except that special combing machines have to be used because the fibers are a bit short. |
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Term
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Definition
"Clothing" wool is not long enough to be handled even by special combing machines. This wool, therefore, can only be carded and is destined fro use in tweeds and other fuzzy fibers. |
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Term
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Definition
"Scouring" wool is extremely short wool, from young lambs or extremely old ewes. It is called "scouring" wool because it cannot be effectively combed, it may be used for felt or similar materials. |
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Term
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Definition
Woolen yarn is generally made of shorer and thicker fibers (clothing wool) that may lie in all directions, to produce thicker, fuzzier fabrics, such as tweeds. |
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Term
| What are Worsted Fabrics? |
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Definition
Worsted Fabrics, such as garbadine, are made from yarns of longer, finer fibers (combing wool), so that the fabrics will be lighter and have a harder, smoother finish. *About half of hte apparel wool in the United States is used in worsted fabrics.
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Term
| What kind of products are usually made from Woolen Wool Fabrics? |
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Definition
| Sweaters, carpets, tweeds |
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Term
| What kind of products are usually used for Worsted Wool Fabrics? |
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Definition
| Suits, dresses, gabardines, crepes. |
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Term
| What are the 5 leading wool producing states? |
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Definition
| Texas, Wyoming, California, Montana, and Colorado. |
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Term
| What kind of fllece comes from the Angora goat? What are the characteristics of this fleece. |
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Definition
Mohair is the fleece of the Angora goat. It is pure white, grows in ringlets, and the fibers after a year's growth may be as long as 10 inches. The fibers are smooth, and thus lack the felting property of wool. |
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Term
| Why are Mohair breeds used in goods of fine quality that are subjected to hard usage? |
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Definition
Mohair excels in luster, durability, and affinity for fast dyes, so it is used in goods of fine quality that are subjected to hard usage.
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Term
| What should the weaning and processing weight of pigs be? |
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Definition
Weaning: 30-40 pounds Procesing weight: 260-280 pounds
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Term
| For any swine production system to return a reasonable profit for money and time invested it must include: |
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Definition
-A sound breeding program -A proper feeding program -High quality personel -excellent management
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Term
| At what age are most hogs processed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a farrow to finish operation and at what market weight are the pigs sold? |
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Definition
A majority of U.S. swine production enterprises are farrow to finish operations. These operations maintain a herd of sows and gilts, farrow the baby pigs, and feed these pigs to market weight of 230-280 pounds. |
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Term
| What is the multiple site system and why is it used? |
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Definition
The multiple site system consiss of three locations: 1. A breeding-gestation farrowing site 2. A nursery site 3. A growing-finishing site Multiple site operations generally result in healthier pigs. The all in all out concept is maintained by rooms, by building, and by site, resulting in fewer disease problems and improved feed efficiency.
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Term
| At what age are many pigs weaned? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Segregated Early Weaning (SEW)? |
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Definition
Segregated early weaning at 10-14 days of age has become a popular practive among larger pork producers. It involves early group feeding of special diets and hsielding the pigs form disease to help ensure continuous growth of healthy pigs. *At 10-14 days of age, each litter of pigs is still receiving passive immunity to most diseases via the lactating sow. This immunity is enhanced by vaccinations given to the mother prior to or eary in her gestation period. |
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Term
| About how many days to pigs gnerally remain in the growing-finishing facilities until they are ready for market weight? |
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Definition
Pigs generally will remain in the growing-finishing facilities for about 120-127 days, when they should be ready for market at 240 pounds or more. |
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Term
| What does Feeder pig production require? |
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Definition
| Feeder pig production units require the maintenance of a breeding herd, usually cross bred gilts and sows that benefit from hybrid vigor and boars. |
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Term
| Because feeder pigs are usuall ysold at 30-60 pounds, feeder pig production requries relatively less ____ in relation to labor or other costs. |
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Definition
| less feed in relation to labor or other costs. The emphasis is on making full use of buildings and skilled labor. |
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Term
| At what age are feeder pigs usually sold? |
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Definition
Pigs are sold at about 6 to 8 weeks of age. Pigs usually move directly to feed out or finishing operations. |
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Term
| To reduce health and management problems, when purchasing groups of feeder pigs, the buyer should try to purcahse pigs that: |
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Definition
-Are uniform in size and weight (40-50 pounds each) -Appear to be alert, virorous, and free from injury or disease -Are healed from castration -Are free of parasites -Have been tail docked -Are produced and sold by reliable persons
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