Term
Basic Animal Health Productive animals are? Most dramatic health problem is? The most serious economic problem is? |
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Definition
General Rule: Productive animals are healthy animals; most dramatic health problem is death but the most serious economic problem is sickness (lower returns & higher costs)
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Term
Basic Animal Health What is disease? Two types of disease! Name them and examples |
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Definition
Disease is any deviation from normal health in which there are marked physiological or anatomical changes
Two types of disease: Infectious vs noninfectious
Infectious disease is brought on by bacteria, protozoa, fungi or other organisms and can be spread from one individual to another (examples = brucellosis, ringworm)
Noninfectious disease is brought on by injury, genetic defect, poor nutrition or ingestion of toxins and cannot be transmitted from one animal to another (examples = bloat & milk fever in cattle) |
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Term
Basic Animal Health Prevention of Disease? Name some steps. |
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Definition
| a) Prevention - herd health plans that include sanitation, proper nutrition, record keeping, proper facilities, correct use of medications and vaccines, minimizing stress & personnel training |
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Term
Basic Animal Health Daily observation to look for (7 things) Vital Signs (3 things) |
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Definition
a) daily observation for - loss of appetite, listlessness & depression, humped back & lowered head, animal stays separate from the herd or flock, coughing, wheezing & labored breathing, abnormal gait
b) vital signs - temperature, respiration rate, heart rate |
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Term
Typical Vital Signs for Mature Animals
| | Rectal | Respiration | Heart | Species | Temperature (F) | Rate (/min) | Rate (/min) | Cattle | | | | Swine | | | | Sheep | | | | Goat | | | | Horse | | | | Chicken | | | | Turkey | | | |
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Definition
Typical Vital Signs for Mature Animals
| | Rectal | Respiration | Heart | Species | Temperature (F) | Rate (/min) | Rate (/min) | Cattle | 101.5 (100.4-102.8) | 30 | 50 | Swine | 102.5 (101.6-103.6) | 16 | 60 | Sheep | 102.3 (100.9-103.8) | 19 | 75 | Goat | 102.3 (100.9-103.8) | 15 | 90 | Horse | 100.0 (99.1-100.8) | 12 | 45 | Chicken | 107.1 (105-109.4) | 12-36 | 275 | Turkey | 105 | 28-49 | 165 |
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Term
Basic Animal Health Diseases! In beef cattle? (3 of them) Treatments? |
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Definition
Beef Cattle:
Brucellosis & Leptospirosis - infectious diseases of cattle that cause abortion (brucellosis is a 'zoonotic' disease, that is it is transmissible to man as undulant fever)
Scours - term for diarrhea in calves, often caused brought on by bacterial or viral infection; treat with fluid therapy and antibiotics
'Shipping Fever' or parainfluenza - respiratory infection preventable by antibiotics, commonly contracted in stressed animals (specifically the stress of shipping) |
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Term
Basic Animal Health Disease! In Dairy cattle: (2 of them) Treatments? |
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Definition
Dairy Cattle:
Mastitis - literally inflammation of the mammary gland, here we consider clinical mastitis brought on by bacterial infection (streptococci & staphylococci); use antibiotic therapy & discard the milk
Milk Fever - noninfectious disease of the periparturient cow caused by improper calcium nutrition; treat with intravenous calcium; prevent with proper nutrition
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Term
Basic Animal Health Disease! Swine (2 things) Treatments? |
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Definition
c) Swine:
Atropic rhinitis - infection of the respiratory system with symptoms of sneezing & coughing; treat with antibiotics; prevent with proper sanitation & ventilation
Pseudorabies - viral infection of the herpes virus group (same group responsible for chicken pox & cold sores in people), no vaccine; symptoms=death in baby pigs, fever & incoordination in young pigs, abortion & reproductive failure in adults; treatment via quarantine & slaughter |
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Term
Basic Animal Health Disease! Horses (Two of them) Treatments? |
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Definition
Horses:
Colic - noninfectious, generic term for abdominal pain; treat with bran mash, soapy enema, quiet walking; prevent by avoiding overeating, too much water when 'hot' from exercise, avoid moldy feeds
Lameness - most common are stone bruises, puncture wounds and sprains; avoid rocky & sharp terrain; navicular disease - a soft tissue bursitis of the foot avoided by proper shoeing and trimming & avoid concussion on hard surfaces |
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Term
Basic Animal Health Disease! Sheep (Three of them) Treatments? |
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Definition
Sheep:
Enterotoxemia - overeating disease caused by bacterial toxins when sheep are fed high grain diets; sudden death, brought on by convulsions; prevention is the only treatment via vaccination against the guilty bacteria
Epidimytis - bacterial infection causing swelling of epididymis (sperm duct) resulting in poor conception rates; cure by culling affected rams
Scrapie, Kuru & Mad Cow Disease - scrapie is a slow virus infection of sheep, resulting in death from severe brain damage; Kuru is similar slow virus infecting humans along with Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease; Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy) is similar and the fear is it came from scrapie infected sheep |
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Term
Basic Animal Health What is an antibiotic? Examples? Used in animal feeds more effective in 'dirty' environments... why? Approved for use in ____ but not in ____ |
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Definition
1) Antibiotics - Definition: An organic chemical of microbial origin which is either toxic or growth inhibitory to other microbial organisms.
a) examples - penicillin, tetracycline, sulfamethazine
b) used as additives to animal feeds for the past 35-40 years as growth promotants - increase rate of gain and efficiency of gain; fed at subtherapeutic levels (i.e., less than levels used to treat a specific infection or disease
c) mode of action - antibiotics are more effective in 'dirty' environments than in 'clean' environments; indication is that antibiotics clear away microbes in the environment and allow the animal to use its energy to grow rather than fight infections
d) approved for use in cattle, pigs & broilers; not for milk cows or laying hens
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Term
Antibiotics raise profit of _____ per pig Starter Diets
Weight(kg)
| Average Daily Gain (g) | Feed/Gain | Initial | Final | No anti | w/ anti | % improve | No anti | W/ anti | % imp | | | | | | | | | |
Grower-Finisher Diets
Weight(kg)
| Average Daily Gain (g) | Feed/Gain | Initial | Final | No anti | w/ anti | % improve | No anti | W/ anti | % imp | | | | | | | | | |
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Definition
The combined effects throughout a pig's lifetime can, at today's costs and prices, lead to an additional profit of $1.40-$1.50 per pig raised on antibiotics. Starter Diets
Weight(kg)
| Average Daily Gain (g) | Feed/Gain | Initial | Final | No anti | w/ anti | % improve | No anti | W/ anti | % imp | 8 | 23 | 359 | 413 | 15% | 2.14 | 2.00 | 6.5% |
Grower-Finisher Diets
Weight(kg)
| Average Daily Gain (g) | Feed/Gain | Initial | Final | No anti | w/ anti | % improve | No anti | W/ anti | % imp | 27 | 92 | 690 | 715 | 3.6% | 3.22 | 3.14 | 2.4% |
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Term
Reproductive traits in pigs | No anti | W/ anti | % sows bred on first estrus | | | Litter size at farrowing | | |
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Definition
Reproductive traits | No anti | W/ anti | % sows bred on first estrus | 68 | 77 | Litter size at farrowing | 9.9 | 10.3 |
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Term
What are the arguments against antibiotics? 4 things | Improvement % of Antibiotics | Year | Period | Avg Daily Gain | Feed/Gain | 1950 - 1977 | Starter | | | Grower | | | 1978 - 1987 | Starter | | | Grower | | | |
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Definition
Principal argument - antibiotics serve as a selection device, not all microbes of a particular species will die; some are naturally resistant to some antibiotics; these will survive and multiply; thus, use of antibiotics over long periods of time will create a buildup of antibiotic resistant strains
b) referring to our pig example above; the continued use of antibiotics over the past 40 years has shown that the increase in resistant strains has lead to a slight decrease in the effectiveness of fed antibiotics: | Improvement % of Antibiotics | Year | Period | Avg Daily Gain | Feed/Gain | 1950 - 1977 | Starter | 16.1 | 6.9 | Grower | 4.0 | 2.1 | 1978 - 1987 | Starter | 15.0 | 6.5 | Grower | 3.6 | 2.4 | c) Human health implications - in 1980 16% of reported Salmonella infections were from antibiotic resistant strains; by 1990 this figure was nearly 20%
1) Centers for Disease Control data indicate that 53% of all Salmonella infections can be traced to animal products - but is it the animal or food preparation; and when does food preparation begin? - at slaughter, at Safeway, at home?
2) trying to tie animal antibiotic feeds to specific illnesses in humans is close to impossible; but we must all recognize that the growth in resistant strains is not in the long-term interests of the public or of the animal industries; good animal husbandry can replace the need for antibiotics; even removing all antibiotics from feeds today will not cause the number of resistant strains to decline |
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Term
Hormone Implants are? Trade names! (Name 3, how long do they last?) What are the effects on steers? | ng estrogen/gm muscle | ng estrogen in 3 oz beef | Steer with implant | | | Steer without implant | | |
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Definition
Hormone implants - most are steroid hormones (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone) implanted in the ear of cattle to increase rate of gain (8-12% over nonimplanted) and efficiency of gain (4-7% over nonimplanted)
a) Trade names - Compudose(estrogen; lasts 200 days); Synovex (progesterone & estrogen; lasts 120 days); Ralgro (made from corn mold; lasts 120 days)
b) Effects on steers - example with Compudose: nanogram (ng) = 1 billionth of a gram
| ng estrogen/gm muscle | ng estrogen in 3 oz beef | Steer with implant | .022 | 1.9 | Steer without implant | .015 | 1.3 |
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Term
Hormones in Humans Daily Estrogen production in humans: Before puberty (male and female) Adult woman (pregnant or not pregnant) Adult Woman The 1% rule means? |
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Definition
Daily estrogen production in humans: female child before puberty, (54000 ng/day); male child before puberty (41000 ng/day); adult woman, nonpregnant (480000 ng/day); adult woman, pregnant (20000000 ng/day); adult male (136000 ng/day)
d) The 1% Rule: the added amount of hormone from an average daily intake of meat must not exceed 1% of the daily production of that hormone in the most sensitive segment of the population |
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