Term
|
Definition
-Protect testicles
-Regulates temperature
~4.5 degrees below body temperature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kept below body temperature
-produce sperm cells from the seminiferous tubules
-produce testosterone from the Leydig cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-one or both testicles are retained in the body cavity (failure to descend into the scrotum)
-not fertile (temperature differential not maintained)
-retain secondary sexual characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-removal or rendering nonfunctional of the testicles
-results in loss of secondary sexual characteristics (aggressiveness and odor)
-reduces muscling, leanness and efficiency of growth
-animal welfare issue in Europe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-organ of copulation in males
-penis of stallions contains erectile tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-permits retraction by the retractor penis muscles in bulls, boars, and rams
-"s" shape |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-anatomically specialized to aid in copulation
-note the corkscrew of the boar and the filiform appendage of the ram |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -storage site for sperm and site of sperm maturation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -transports sperm between the epididymis and urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -muscular enlargement of the vas deferens that functions in sperm transport at ejaculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-transport tube for sperm and urine
-site of mixing of sperm with fluids from the accessory glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-vesicular glands or seminal vesicles
-provide buffers and nutrients for sperm cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -adds fluid volume to the semen (particularly in boars) |
|
|
Term
| Bulbourethral Glands or Cowper's Glands |
|
Definition
-provide fluid to flush urine from the urethra before ejaculation in the bull
-provide the gel plug in the ejaculation of the boar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-area of fusion of the uterine horns
-site of development of embryos and fetuses of the mare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -embryos and fetuses develop in the uterine horns of the cow, sow, and ewe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-produce ova (eggs)
-secretes the steroid hormones (estrogen and progesterone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-a differentiated tube which transports ova from the ovary to the uterus
-from the ovary to uterus and is divided into the infundibulum, the ampulla and the isthmus
-site of fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-site of the sperm reservoir
-tip of the uterine horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -sack-like end of the oviduct that encompasses the ovary to capture ova at ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -funnels the ova into the oviduct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -next segment of the oviduct transports ova |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -moves sperm cells to the site of fertiliztion (ampullary-isthmus junction) and ova or embryos to the uterine horn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-canal connection the uterus and vagina
-composed primarily of connective tissue
-closes between period of estrus and during pregnancy
-relaxed during estrus to permit sperm transport (except in the sow) and also relaxed at parturition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the dual passageway of the urinary and reproductive systems
-serves as the organ of copulation and as the birth canal
-secretes mucus at estrus to facilitate mating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-outer opening to the vagina
-a redding vulva is an indicator of estrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the homologue of the penis
-massage of the clitoris may enhance success of artificial insemination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-source: anterior pituitary
-function: ovulation (follicle rupture), corpus luteum formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-source:large follicles on the ovary
-function: stimulates female mating behavior
-high during estrous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-source: Corpora Lutea on the ovary
-function: maintenance of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-length of estrous cycle: 21 days
-length of estrus: 12-18 hours
-time of ovulation: 30 hours after beginning of estrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-length of estrous cycle: 17 days
-length of estrus: 30 hours
-time of ovulation: 26 hours after beginning of estrus
-most breeds of sheep are short day seasonal breeders (fall) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-length of estrous cycle: 21 days
-length of estrus: 2-3 days
-time of ovulation: 38 hours after the beginning of estrus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-length of estrous cycle: 21 days
-length of estrus: 6 days
-time of ovulation: 1 day before end of estrus
-mares are long day seasonal breeders (spring) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sperm production in the testicles of the male
-occurs in the seminiferous tubules
-occurs throughout the lifetime of a male
-billions of sperm cells are produced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ova production in the ovary of the female
-initiated in the fetal ovary
-a limited supply of ova result
-the second meiotic division of oogenesis is completed only after fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Spermatogonium: undifferentiated diploid germ cells
2. Primary spermatocyte: diploid chromosomes duplicate and the cell divides
3. Secondary Spermatocyte: each contains one (duplicated) chromosome from each pair and the cell divides
4. Spermatid: haploid cell which undergoes differentiation (spermiogenesis) to form a motile sperm cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Oogonium: undifferentiated diploid germ cell
2. Primary oocyte: diploid chromosomes duplicate and then the cell divides unevenly into a secondary oocyte and a polar body
3. Secondary oocyte: each contains one (duplicated) chromosome from each pair; the cell divides unevenly into an ootid and a polar body after fertilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-time during which female carries developing young within the uterus
-young receives nutrients from yolk and uterine secretions until maternal/fetal contact made |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cleavage
2. Differentiation
3. Fetal Growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-period of cell division without increase in cytoplasm (no size increase)
-fertilization to hatched blastocyst
-takes place in the oviducts and uterus
-Completed by day:
6-Sow
11-Ewe
13-Cow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-period of development of organs and placental membranes and attachment to the uterus
-true embryo
-completed by day:
28-Sow
45-Ewe
45-Cow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-period of growth of the developed fetus
-weight of a fetal calf increases from 40g to 40kg
-true fetus
-completed at parturition:
114 days-Sow
145 days-Ewe
282 days-Cow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cow: 279-290 days
Sow: 112-115 days
Ewe: 144-151 days
Mare: 330-337 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-gestation period is 1.8 years
-offspring weighs 300 lbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-the placenta functions to transfer nutrients from the dam to the fetus and waste from the fetus to the dam
-there is no direct contact between dam and fetus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sow and Mare: diffuse
-lay against membrane of uterine lining
Cow and Ewe: cotyledonary
-contact at certain points on uterus rather than over entire surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-occurs during the period of differentiation
Day 12-20 for the sow
Day 18-20 for the ewe
Day 30-35 for the cow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-young spaced at regular intervals within the uterine horns
-if one ovary produces more ova than other ovary, intrauterine migration occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chorion, allantois, amnion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chorion, allantois, amnion |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal Events at Parturition |
|
Definition
-Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) is released from the fetal pituitary and is thought to initiate parturition
-Prostoglandin (PGF2) from the uterus destroys the Corpus Luteum (high levels of progesterone produced by the CL inhibits uterine contractions)
-Relaxin from the uterus relaxes pelvic ligaments (birth canal)
-Estrogen from the placenta and oxytocin from the hypothalamus stimulate uterine contractions
-Prolactin from anterior pituitary stimulates milk secretion |
|
|
Term
| Purpose of Reproductive Technologies |
|
Definition
-increase the reproductive rate and opportunity for genetic change
-improve management convenience or efficiency of labor utilization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-outermost layer of placental membrane
-contacts the endometrium of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-second layer of the placental membrane
-contains fetal waste |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-innermost layer of the placental membrane
-fluid filled
-cushions the fetus from shocks |
|
|
