Term
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Definition
| 45% cellular / 55% non cellular (plasma) |
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Term
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Definition
| (45% of blood) 99% erythrocytes (not nucleated) (RBC), 1% White Blood Cells (nucleated) |
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Term
| Non Cellular Blood Content |
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Definition
| Plasma: Albumin, Plasma Proteins, Glucose, electrolytes |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 Liters=5 Quarts = 10 pints |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulates the 45% cellular blood component. Kidney senses low 02 and increases Erythropoietin which in turn signals bone marrow to increase RBC |
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Term
| Signal for Clotting Cascade |
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Definition
| Exposed collagen signals platelets to stick to collagen and other platelets. Forms soft clot (initial Hemostasis) |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrinogen---Thrombin--->Fibrin. Fibrin forms covalent cross linkage at the damaged site completing the stable clot. |
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Term
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Definition
| Exponentially increases. Factors at each step require Calcium (2+) and several require vitamin K. |
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Term
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Definition
| Block Vitamin K thus inhibiting the clotting cascade. (anticoagulant) |
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Term
| Intrinsic Clotting Pathway |
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Definition
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Term
| Extrinsic Clotting Pathway |
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Definition
| Blunt Trauma that doesn't break blood vessel. Damaged tissue-->Tissue Factor which initiates extrinsic pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzyme that catalyzes fibrinogen--->fibrin. Usually exists as a zymogen (inactive) prothrombin |
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Term
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Definition
| Stable clot that has cut off blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
| Piece of clot that is moving freely in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Embolus that has lodged self and stopped moving |
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Term
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Definition
| Fibrinolytic-Breaks down fibrin. Found in lungs and blood. Exists as plasminogen in the blood and is activated by the clotting cascade(Tissue Plasminogen Activator). Exists as plasmin in the lung blood vessels. |
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Term
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Definition
| Prevents blood clots from reaching brain, etc..(STROKE). If there is an atrial septal defect then clots will go around the lungs into circulation = STROKE |
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Term
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Definition
Body water=60% = 60% intracellular+40% extracellular.
40% extracellular= 80% interstitial + 20% plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| Drink, food, metabolic water |
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Term
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Definition
| Perspiration + Respiratory loss (2/5) , Urine (3/5) |
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Term
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Definition
CONSERVE H20
1. Balance of ions
2. Nitrogenous Waste (amino acid deamination-->ammonium----->Urea |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives 25% of cardiac output through renal artery. Deox Blood exists through renal vein. Urine leaves through Ureter. |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood enters kidney through renal artery, enters glomerulous (encapsulated capillary) through afferent arteriole and leaves through efferent arteriole. Reabsorption occurs next to kidney tubule before blood exits kidney through renal vein. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inside glomerulous H20,glucose,amino acids, ions, urea, ammonia, hormones exit through capillary and go into kidney tubule. Filtration RATE = 180 l/day |
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Term
| Kidney Tubule Reabsorption |
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Definition
| Active transport occurs to move ions,glucose, protein. Water moves passively back into efferent arteriole. Reabsorbs 99% of water. |
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Term
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Definition
| Toxins, Protons, and antibiotics move into kidney tubule. |
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Term
| Final Urine Concentration |
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Definition
| Filtration (large amount) - reabsorption (variable) + secretion (tiny) = final concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Urea is soluble which increases osmotic potential, so birds and reptiles use uric acid. Na and water don't get reabsorbed. Salt Glands excrete salt from nasal cavity from ATPases |
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Term
| Whales (Water Conservation) |
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Definition
| Blow Hole- Increase in volume drops pressure and temp so less water goes out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Isoosmotic- same osmotic pressure of ions in their blood + interstitial space as saltwater does. |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain and spinal cord. Encased in Bone. Protected, but no room to swell |
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Term
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Definition
| Not encased in Bone. Everything not in CNS. Not Protected, but room to swell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cranial Most spinal Cord- Respiratory center (increase resp. rate.) |
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Term
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Definition
| Switchboard of the brain. Redirects Signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal lobe + subcortical nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement Coordinator. More neurons than the rest o the CNS. |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects Right and Left hemispheres of the brain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sodium Potassium ATPase pumps 2K in and 3Na out for -70 potential. Combined EPSPs bring potential to -40 at which point voltage gated Na channels depolarize neuron creating Action Potential. |
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Term
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Definition
| Action potential of +20 travels down axon encountering resistance, but is reinforced by more Na channels. Reaches axon terminal where voltage gated Calcium channels which causes exocytosis of the vessicle. |
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Term
| Neurotransmitter pathway to post synaptic receptor |
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Definition
| Vessicle exocytosis releases nt which moves to post synaptic receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| After formation of action potential, voltage gated K channels bring cell back to -70 and follows the action potential down the axon. (VERY QUICK) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Enzymatic Breakdown-acetyl choline esterase
2. Some Amino Acids diffuse away
3. Re-uptake presynaptically (catecholamines-epi/norepi) |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory input comes into grey matter through sensory dorsal horn (posterior). Motor signal leaves via ventral motor horn (anterior). |
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Term
| Grey Matter (Spinal Cord) |
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Definition
| Nuclei (neuron cell bodies ) |
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Term
| White matter (Spinal Cord) |
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Definition
| Myelinated tracks of axon to send and receive signals, but no processing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Input comes in (sensory dorsal horn) causes EPSP to EPSP that releases acetyl choline and moves needed muscle. At same time, interneuron EPSP causes an IPSP that inhibits (no acetyl choline) antagonistic muscles on the same side. Opposite occurs on other side of body. (See Notes) |
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Term
| Solve Action Potential Resistance? |
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Definition
| Increase in diameter combined with schwann cell insulation decreases axial resistance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wraps around axon insulating the action potential. Causes Saltatory Flow = Fast (insulated) slow (gaps between schwann cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gaps between Schwann cells where Voltage gated Na channels reinforce action potential (add to saltatory flow) |
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Term
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Definition
Acetyl Choline Receptors
1.Nicitinic - EPSP (Na+) Channel
2. Muscarinic- Variable (EPSP/IPSP) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that makes electric potential more positive (excitable) |
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Term
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Definition
| Anything that makes electric potential more negative (less excitable) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Glutamate-EPSP
2.GABA-IPSP (25% of neurons)
3. Glycine- IPSP (Cl- into cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Epi/Norepi/Domamine - EPSP/IPSP |
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Term
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Definition
Histidine=Histamine
Seratonin=tryptophan
*Can be mistaken |
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Term
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Definition
Voluntary-Skeletal
Involuntary-Reflexes |
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Term
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Definition
| Sympathetic (Fight or Flight/epinephrine) and Parasympathetic (rest and digest/acetyl choline) |
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Term
| Sympathetic Response Symptoms |
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Definition
| Increase HR,SV,CO (heart). Bronchiodilate. Sweat Glands activate (anticipate). Pupils dilate (increase light, decrease depth of focus). Arterioles:Skeletal dilate(more blood), GI constict (no shit). Urethral Sphincters constrict. |
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Term
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Definition
1-most common. Smooth muscle contract
2-often presynaptic. decrease NT release for given action potential. |
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Term
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Definition
1-Increase Heart Rate (also Beta Blockers)
2-Bronchiole dilate
3-Lipolysis |
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Term
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Definition
alpha 2 agonist. Blocks release of epi/norepi
Yohimbine is antagoinist |
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Term
| Peptide Neurotransmitters |
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Definition
| Not EPSP or IPSP, rather a slow change in post synaptic response to a co-released NT. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surround Neurons and take up amino acid neurotransmitters. Also serve as astrocytes that regulate what crosses the blood brain barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| Somatosensory: touch, pain, heat, cold |
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Term
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Definition
| Require multicellular transduction mechanisms: Vision, Hearing, Taste, Balance |
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Term
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Definition
| Input->thalamus->1 sensory cortex->unimodal sensory cortex->sensory association->Motor association/judgement ->1 motor cortex->thalamus->cerebelum->thalamus->1 motor cortex->subcortical nuclei-->out through spinal cord |
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Term
| Lateral Ventricles (Brain) |
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Definition
| Filter out cerebro spinal fluid into arachnoid space. through 3rd +4th ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| build up of pressure in brain do to blocked ventricles. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neural/Endocrine interface (below thalamus). Circumventriclular organ, so it experiences more of what is in the blood. Connected to the pituitary gland. |
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Term
| Hypothalamus connection to Posterior Pituitary |
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Definition
| Axons directly run from hypothalamus to a capillary in the posterior pituitary. |
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Term
| Hypothalamus connection to Anterior Pituitary |
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Definition
| Axons near capillary in the hypothalamus which runs into the anterior pituitary where most of the neurotransmitter comes out. |
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Term
| Posterior Pituitary Hormones |
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Definition
1. Anti-diuretic hormone: signaled by low Blood pressure. Pull more water out of urine.
2.Oxytocin: Milk let down for nursing, uterine contraction, penile erection. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus (corticotropin releasing factor)->pituitary (adreno corticotropin releasing hormone)-> adrenal cortex->Cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits CRF and ACTH. Is a glucocorticoid. Necessary for life. Anti inflammatory, immunosuppressive, cognitive fxn, regulates blood glucose, Increase protein hydrolysis, Stimulates Adrenal medula for increased epi in sympathetic response. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypothalamus (thyrotropin releasing hormone)->pituitary(thyroid stimulating hormone)->Thyroid gland-> Thyroxin +Triiodothryronine |
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Term
| Thyroxin+Triiodothyronine |
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Definition
| From Thyroid Gland. Signaled from anterior pituitary. Thyroxin is T4. Triiodothyronine is T3. T4 is 80% abundant, but T3 is 4x stronger than T4. Only free T3/4 is active. (Rest is in plasma) |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase metabolic Rate. Increase mitochondrial mass. Increase sodium potassium ATPase activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Too much. Never Cold. Lose weight, eat more, high energy, cardiac hypertrophy (DIE) |
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Term
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Definition
| Not enough. Always cold, eat less,less energy. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| required for T3/T4 synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Released from para thyroid gland. When serum Calcium is low it stimulates calcium reabsorption from bone and kidney tubules. Increases vit. K activation which absorbs more calcium in gut. |
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Term
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Definition
| Located in the Thyroid gland. Release calcitonin which has the opposite effect of parathyroid hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
Secreted from beta cells. Helps cells to absorb glucose. Increase in glucose means increase in insulin.
Decrease blood glucose, increase fat synthesis, increase glycogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Lack of Beta cells to produce insulin |
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Term
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Definition
Reverses effects of insulin.
Increase blood glucose, increase fat break down, uncrease glycogenolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase protein breakdown, increase gluconeogenesis, delayed stress hormone. |
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Term
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Definition
| Angio->angio I (decapeptide)->angiotensin 2 (octopeptide via angiotensin converting enzyme)->Angiotensin 3 -->angiotensin 4 (Inactive) |
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Term
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Definition
| Increase release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex which in turn increases sodium and water reabsorption from kidney tubule. OR goes to angiotensin 3 |
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Term
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Definition
| Goes to brain and increases thirst and salt appetite |
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