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| 1.Information is carried through a neuronal circuit via |
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| electrical action potentials alternating with chemical synaptic singals |
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| In response to a stimulus, the 2.receptor region in the plasma membrane of the sensory neuron produces a |
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| graded electrical response proportional to the stimulus intensity |
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| 3.graded potential spreads to the spike initiating zone, which |
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| it may elicit an all or none signal that is propogated along the axon |
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| 4.When an AP arrives at the axon terminal |
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| it causes the release of chemical neurotransmitter molecules from pre-synaptic cells |
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| Five. The neurotransmitter produces a |
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| graded potential in the postsynaptic neuron |
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| A change in Vm will spread ______ through the first part of a sensory neuron until it reaches the spike-initiating zone |
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technically: measureable charge differences across a membrane.
Common use: hyper, de- (any measureable change from resting membrane potential) |
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| large, quick, depolarizations, a property of excitable cells |
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| occurs at dendrite and soma membranes. Smaller depols (EPSPs) and hyperpol (IPSPs). They add together at the axon hillok (summation). If this summation crosses threshold an Action potential is initiated! |
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| initiated at the axon hillock. Large, quick depolarizations travel non-decrementally all the way down an axon |
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| When current is transmitted electrotonically, |
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| the change in the membrane steady state potential decays exponentially with distance from the source |
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| Lambda, the length constant is defined as the point where |
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1 - (1/e)
a 63 percent reduction from when it first was injected (Vo) |
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| Non-decremental propagation involves |
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| Describe the positive feedback cycle of non-decremental propagation |
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1. Depolarization (decreased membrane potential)
2. Opening of some VGNACs
3. Influx of Na which further decreases membrane potential |
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| Don’t get an upstream firing because |
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| the inactive closed state of the Na gate |
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| The sequential opening of Na gates down the line accounts for |
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| the continued strength because they act as a boost. |
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| Three properties of action potentials |
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| large, quick, and propogate in one direction |
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| Axons are (how many directions) |
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| All that matters for direction |
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| the channel state in the localized place of the action potential. |
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| not due to inherit characteristics of neuron itself. This comes from the place it is located in the animals (the preference for a neuron to fire in one direction.) |
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Works to increase conduction velocity in both vertebrates and invertebrates.
extracellular layer, extension of the cellular membrane of oligodendrocyte. Mostly fatty, protector of the axon. Reduces outside conductance of signals outside of the axon. Help prevent leakage of current. Increases efficiency of current along longitudinal axonal axis. |
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| Evolution of myelin sheath |
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There are exposed areas of the axons that exist between the myelin sheaths
Where we detect action potential |
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-The action potential appears to jump from node to node.
-At the nodes of ranvier, there is a higher density of Na v gates. When they are all stimulated at once, they are made more efficient
-Declines with distance, but it takes a much longer distance. |
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Synapses: overview of transmission between cells (steps.
1. An action potential is propogated to the terminal of
2.Ca enters the
3.Neurotransmitter is released by ____ into the ______ ______.
4. Neurotransmitter binds to ___ ___ on the ____ _____
Five. Specific channels open in the |
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Definition
a pre-synaptic neuron
synaptic knob
exocytosis
synaptic cleft
receptor sites
postsynaptic neuron
subsynaptic membrane |
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| comes very close to but doesn’t touch the other neuron near the dendrites and cell body. Were the signal ends in one axon. |
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| The connection of two neurons is also |
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| • The signal can cross from one neuron to another. Since the two membranes aren’t touching, it cannot be |
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| The signal comes down to the terminal bouton. There is a second type of ion channel that allows __ to move through. It is sensitive to change in voltage. It allows for __ to move across the membrane towards its Nernst |
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| Neurotransmitters move into the synaptic cleft by ______. They bind to _____ _____. They can allow for the passage of K, Cl, or Na. Several signals are available for the synaptic membrane. |
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| Membranes are physically attached by ____ _____ and have proteins in them called _______. Electric signals can pass __________ through membrane. NO __________. This increases ________ for speed, efficiency, and fidelity. Without any other mechanism, the signal will degrade with ______. Only get ______ signal from here. See this in _____ behaviors. |
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gap junctions
connexions
electrotonically
one
neurotransmitters
velocity
distance
hardwired |
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| Unidirectional signal example |
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| A chemical synapse releases |
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| There are two types of chemical synapses: |
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| In fast chemical synapse, signals in pre and post synaptic cells are linked by _______. |
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| Fast. At rest, transmitter molecules are packaged in ________-bound ____ _____ contained in the _____ _______. |
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Membrane
synaptic vesicles
axon terminals |
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| Fast. When an ap enters the postsynaptic terminal, it causes ______ to open, which allow ___ to flow into the terminal. This increase in intracellular free ____ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse with the ______ membrane, which releases neurotransmitter into the _____ _____ by ______. |
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Definition
VGCAC
Ca
Ca
presynaptic
synaptic cleft
exocytosis |
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| Fast. Neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the ___ ___, driven by ___ _____, and bind to ______ proteins in the ________ membrane, opening |
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synaptic cleft
concentration gradient
receptor
ligand-gated ion channels |
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| easy to detect changes and manipulate |
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| glows in the presence of Ca |
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| no Ca VGICS because threshold hasnt been crossed |
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| You have to have ____ in the post synaptic membrane to get transmission. |
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vesicular snares that bind to t snares (transport)
They match to their t-snares and determines what binds to what. |
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| What allows vesicle to dock at membranes? |
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| allows for the vesicle and membrane to fuse together |
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| ____ is required for complex to fuse. Binds to facilitate fusion. |
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4 steps pf synaptic release:
1. Vesicles move to the ____ ____.
2. Vesicles are targeted to active zones by _____ and reversibly tethered by ___.
3. Become irreversibly docked if _____ proteins in the vesicle and membrane form a complex.
4. Synaptotagmin interacts with _____ complex to complete fusion. |
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-active zones
-sec
-rab
-SNARE |
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| Fast chemical synapses have 3 characteristics |
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Definition
1. smaller vesicles
2. Fusion of vesicles to presynaptic membrane facing cleft
3. neurotransmitter bind to LGICS |
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Slow.
1. Vesicles bind to the ____ of the terminal.
2. Neurotransmitters have a ____ distance to travel.
3.______ vesicles
2. Neurotransmitter has a _____ distance to reach the post synaptic membrane. |
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| Receptors aren't ________ in a slow. ____ _______ caused a second intracellular messenger to activate a second protein that is an _____ _____. |
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LGICs
Signal transduction
ion channel |
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| Every neuron makes connections with ____ cells. |
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| Four ways to terminate a signal |
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1. Enzyme degredation
2. Enzyme modification
3. Diffusion from cleft
4. Reuptake by endocytosis |
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| Ach has a Ach enzyme that breaks them into choline and acetyl CoA so they cant go to cholmergic channels |
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| Reuptake by endocytosis is a trademark of ______. |
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| Fast. Differentiation of receptors at post synaptic membranes |
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| # of acetylcholine they can bind with |
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| Fast. Pore is lined with ______ charges so it can pass _____ units well. |
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| an increase in pore size by adding ach |
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| Nicotinic ach receptors at the neuromuscular junction are ______membrane complexes composed of ____ subunits. Each subunit passes through the membrane ____ times. Ach binds to the ___ subunit, making the entry ____ and more _____. |
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Definition
trans
five
four
alpha
narrower
negative |
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| Channels in post-synaptic membranes are different from those in |
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| The nicotinic ach receptor has three states |
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| Nicotinic ach receptors open when ___ ACh bind to protein complex. Can flicker between open and closed while the ACh is ____. When they unbind, the channel ____ and stays that way until ____ more bind. After the channel has been open for 1 ms, the channel may _____, even with the bound Ach. This is called _______. |
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Definition
2
bound
closes
2
close
desensitized |
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| Muscarinic Ach receptors in cardiac cells indirectly cause |
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| K channels in the plasma membrane to open |
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| Slow. When Ach binds to a _____ receptor, the G protein with the receptor releases bound _____ and binds _____. This activates subunits. A-subunits bind to ___ channels, causing them to open. |
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| 7 ways diversity allows for subtle neuronal control |
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Fast or slow transmission
Inhibitory or excitatory
Type of neurotransmitter released
Type of receptor binding the neurotransmitter
Sensitivity of the neurotransmitter receptor to drugs/toxins
Distribution of types of neurons in the body
Some neurotransmitter receptors need to bind to more than one ligand to activate. |
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| A muscle fiber is innervated by |
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| The nerve terminal lies within the longitudinal __________ in the surface of the muscle fiber, which contains transverse __________ folds in the membrane of the muscle fiber. In the presynaptic zone, in the ______ _______ which is rich in synaptic vesicles, is located over each junctional fold. A ______ _____covers the terminal |
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-depression
-junctional
-active zone
-schwann cell |
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| Muscle cells contain striated |
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| Postsynaptic currents can be |
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| Each synaptic input decays with ______ as it travels to a spike initiating zone |
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| An excitatory postsynaptic potential spreads |
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| No AP is generated until it reaches the densely packed _____ in the ____ _____ zone |
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| The _____ of _______ determines threshold |
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| What causes postsynaptic effects to spatially sum? |
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| simultaneous stimulation of the two axons |
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| occurs when multiple presynaptic signals arrive at a synapse in rapid succession. |
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| Summation of postsynaptic current is not required for summation of postsynaptic potential because |
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| postsynaptic potential outlasts the current |
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