Term
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Definition
- Regulatory systems that automatically make adjustments to changes
- Coordinated physiological processes which maintain most if the constant states in the organism
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Term
| What is phenotypic plasticity? |
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Definition
| The ability of an individual animal to express two or more genetically controlled phenotypes |
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Term
What is a negative feedback system?
An example? |
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Definition
The system responds to changes by bringing the variable back towards its set point
Blood glucose |
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Term
What is a positive feedback system?
An example? |
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Definition
| A control system reinforces deviations of a controlled variable to its set point |
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Term
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Definition
| A tissue organ or cell that functions under the influence of either a positive or negative feedback system |
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Term
| What is the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
| A theory of the nature of cell membranes |
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Term
| What is the phospholipid bilayer? |
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Definition
| A 2-layer fat and phosphate membrane |
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Term
| What are the 5 functional protiens of cell membranes? |
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Definition
- Channel Protiens
- Transporter (Carrier) Protiens
- Enzymes
- Receptors
- Structural Protiens
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Term
| What's the function of channel protiens? |
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Definition
| Permits simple diffusion through a membrane |
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Term
| What's the function of transport protiens? |
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Definition
| Bind with spectific molecules to transport them across a membrane |
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Term
| What's the function of enzymes? |
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Definition
| Catalyzes a chemical reaction by lowering the required amount of activation energy |
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Term
| What is the function of receptors? |
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Definition
| Bind to specific molecules to initiate a change in membrane permeability |
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Term
| What's the function of structural protiens? |
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Definition
| Attach to other molecules to form junctions between cells |
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Term
| What are some carbohydrates that make up the fluid mosaic model? |
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Definition
Glycolipids
Glycoprotiens
Proteoglycans |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheet of cells that lines a cavity or covers an organ or body surface |
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Term
| How do you distinguish between the different types of epithelia? |
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Definition
| By the number of layers and shape/arrangement of the cells |
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Term
What are occluding junctions?
What are the 2 types? |
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Definition
Block spaces between adjacent epithelial cells preventing open passage of fluids on either side of an epithelium
Tight and septate junctions |
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Term
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Definition
| A localized spot where contact between cells is stengthened |
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Term
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Definition
| Localized spot where the cytoplasms of two cells communicate through tiny pores |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 4 functions of epithelia? |
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Definition
- Transportation
- Protection
- Absorption
- Secretion
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Term
What are the two paths of transport exhibited by epithelium?
Describe them |
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Definition
- Transcellular - substances pass through cells
- Paracellular - substances pass between cells
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Term
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Definition
| Set processes by which cells and organisms acquire, rearrange and void commodities to sustain life |
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Term
What is catabolism?
Give an example |
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Definition
The breakdown of chemical compounds
Hydrolysis |
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Term
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Definition
The build up of chemical compounds from smaller ones
Dehydration synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind to substrates to catalyze a reaction and form the products |
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Term
| What are three properties that determine how fast an enzyme reastion will take place? |
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Definition
- Number of active enzyme molecules present
- Effectiveness of each enzyme molecule when saturated
- Enzyme-substrate affinity
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Term
| What are the 2 molecular forms of enzymes that occur at all levels of biological organization? |
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Definition
| Isoenzymes and Interspecific enzyme molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| Different molecular forms that are produced by one species |
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Term
| What are interspecific enzyme homologs? |
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Definition
| Different forms of an enzyme that is coded by homologous gene loci in different species |
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Term
| What are the 2 principle types of modulation of existing enzyme molecules? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is allosteric modulation of enzyme molecules? |
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Definition
| Non substrate ligands bind to specific non substrate active sites |
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Term
| What is covalent modulation of existing enzyme molecules? |
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Definition
| Phosphorylation/Depsophorylation where you make or break bonds between modulators and enzymes |
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Term
| What physical and chemical stresses in the lives of animals can denature enzymes? |
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Definition
- High tissue temperatures
- Low cellular levels of oxygen
- Toxic chemicals
- Alcohols
- Heavy metals
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Term
| What do molecular chaperones do and what are they? |
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Definition
Molecular chaperones repair damaged protiens.
They are either heat-shock protiens or stress protiens |
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Term
| What are heat-shock and stress protiens? |
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Definition
| Expressed in the aftermath of heat stress and use ATP to regenerate protiens |
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Term
| What is signal reception? |
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Definition
| Recieve molecules called ligands such as neurotransmitters or hormones |
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Term
| What is signal transduction? |
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Definition
| Method by which acions are initiated across a cell |
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Term
| What are the 4 classes of receptors? |
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Definition
- Ligand-gated channel
- G-protien coupled receptor
- enzyme/enzyme linked receptors
- intracellular receptors
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Term
| What's a ligand gated channel? |
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Definition
| Cell membrane protien that acts as a receptor and channel |
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Term
| What are G-protiend coupled receptors? |
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Definition
| Mediate cellular responses to hormones and neurotransmitters |
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Term
| What are enzyme/enzyme linked receptors? |
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Definition
| Cell membrane protiens that are either enzymes themselves or that iterate directly with enzymes when activated |
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Term
| What are intracellular receptors? |
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Definition
| Only class of protien not associated with the cell membrane and are small enough to diffuse through the membrane and include steroid hormones |
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Term
| What is passive transport? |
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Definition
| Capable of carrying molecules only in the direction of equilibrium |
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Term
| What is simple diffusion? |
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Definition
| Molecules move from high to low concentration |
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Term
| What is facilitated diffusion? |
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Definition
| Passive transport mediated by noncovalent and reversible bonding of solute to solute-specific transport protiens |
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Term
| What is primary active transport? |
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Definition
| Transports molecules away from the electrochemical equilibrium using ATP |
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Term
| How does primary active transport work? |
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Definition
| Solutes bind to a transporter protien to move material against the concetration gradient. |
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Term
| What is secondary active transport? |
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Definition
| Draws energy from the electrochemical gradient to drive the transport of organic solutes |
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Term
| What is osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
| The difference of hydrostatic pressure that must be created between the solution and pure water to prevent any net osmotic movement when the solution and pure water are seperated by a semipermiable membrane |
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Term
| How does water move in osmosis? |
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Definition
| From area of lower osmotic pressure to area of higher osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 solutions have the same osmotic pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| Solution A has a lower osmotic pressure then solution B |
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Term
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Definition
| When solution A has a higher osmotic pressure than solution B |
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Term
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Definition
| Large family of water-channel protiens found in all groups of animals that serve as a path for osmosis to occur |
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Term
| What are 5 things controlled by the endocrine system? |
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Definition
- Water/Electrolyte Balance
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
- Coping with stress
- Growth and development
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Term
| What are 4 things that can be said about hormones? |
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Definition
- Bind to receptor molecules expressed by target cells
- Concentration varies
- Composed of steroids, peptide/protiens or amines
- Produce biochemical changes in target cells
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Term
| What's the main job of the hypothalmus? |
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Definition
| Stimulates the production and release of hormones from the pituitary gland |
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Term
| What are 2 neurohormones produced by the hypothalmus? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effects does ADH have on the body? |
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Definition
| Affects sodium balance, water blance, and blood pressure |
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Term
| What effects does oxytocin have on the body? |
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Definition
| Increases concentration of smooth muscle in the uterus, uterine tubes, and causes milk ejection/let down |
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Term
| What are 5 functions of the hypothalmus? |
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Definition
- Sends sympathetic nerve fibers to adrenal cortex for stress response
- Body temperature regulation
- Blood osmolarity regulation
- Blood glucose
- Stress response
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Term
| What are 3 things you should know about the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
- Derived from nervous tissue
- Produces no hormones
- Site for ADH and oxytocin storage
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Term
| What's another name for the posterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 things you should know about the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
- Derived from glandular tissue
- Produces many hormones
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Term
| What's another name for the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 7 hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland? |
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Definition
- TSH
- ACTH
- MSH
- Prolactin
- LH
- FSH
- GH
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Term
| What are the 2 types of cells that make up the thyroid gland? |
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Definition
| Follicular and parafollicular cells |
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Term
| What hormone do follicular cells produce? |
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Definition
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Term
What hormone do parafollicular cells produce?
What's it's function? |
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Definition
| Calcitonin; calcium metabolism |
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Term
| What hormone is produced by the parathyroid gland? What's its function? |
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Definition
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Term
What 3 hormones produced by the pancreas are released into the endocrine system?
What is their function? |
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Definition
| Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin; Regulates glucose |
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Term
| What 2 hormones produced by the pancreas are released into the exocrine system? |
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Definition
| Digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid |
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Term
| What 2 things make up the adrenals? |
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Definition
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Term
What 2 hormones are produced by the cortex?
What are their functions? |
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Definition
Aldosterone; regulates mineral balance (especially Na+)
Cortisol; regulates glucose levels under stress
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Term
What 2 hormones are produced by the medulla?
What's their function? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine/Norepinephrine; used for fight or flight sympathetic response |
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Term
What 3 hormones are produced by the kidneys?
What are their functions? |
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Definition
Renin; Regulates blood pressure
Vitamin D; regulates calcium
Erythropoietin; regulates RBC production |
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