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| conversion of a physical energy into an electrical (neural) signal |
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| membrane potential change due to signal transduction |
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| a receptor potential in a cell that produces action potentials |
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| Photoreceptor receptor potentials |
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| In general, vertebrate photoreceptors hyperpolarize and invertebrate photoreceptors depolarize |
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| intracellular, interstitial, blood |
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| secretion acts on the secreting cell |
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| secretion acts on neighboring cells |
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| secrete outside body (skin, lumen, ducts) |
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| released by species to communicate with other individuals of same species |
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| released by one species to avoid detection by another |
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| secrete into blood from neuron |
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| secrete into blood from non-neuron |
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| disulfide bridges that connect amine chains |
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| synthesis of carbohydates from non-carbohydrate sources such as amino acids |
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| hexose and triose sugars broken down to pyruvate and lactate |
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| breakdown of glycogen to glucose 6-phosphate |
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High blood glucose -> pancreas -> cells secrete insulin -> insulin increases glucose uptake by tissues throughout the body -> Lower blood glucose
Insulin also
stimulates glycogenesis
increases uptake of amino acids into cells
increases protein synthesis. |
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| Glucose levels drop because of insulin, prolonged exercise, or time since eating. -> Low blood glucose -> pancreas -> cells secrete glucagon -> liver increases glycogenolysis and releases glucose to blood |
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| Hormone Interaction of GH and insulin |
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| Hormone Interaction of GH and thyroid hormones |
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| act synergistically to promote growth by increasing protein synthesis |
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| Growth Hormone stimulates |
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| release of growth factors from liver and acts directly on cells to stimulate cell division |
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| Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) |
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| releases renin when blood pressure drops |
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| raises blood pressure through angiotensin which breaks down to Ang II |
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| constricts blood vessels and causes release of aldosterone also causes ADH release which increases water reabsorption from tubules |
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| stimulates reuptake of Na+ in kidney tubules |
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Stimulates reabsorption of water from the kidney collecting duct
Released when cells in the hypothalamus sense high osmolarity
Venous pressure increases in heart sending a signal to the hypothalamus that inhibits ADH release |
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Term
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Definition
Hormonal Electrolyte Regulating Hormone
steroid that regulates ion and water levels
Primarily aldosterone
Steroid secreted from adrenal cortex that causes resorption of Na+ in kidney
Increases blood osmolarity |
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| Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) |
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Hormonal Electrolyte Regulating Hormone
Reduces Na+ and water resorption by the kidney, increasing urine volume.
Counters effects of ADH and aldosterone.
Released by atrium of heart |
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Calcium Regulating Hormone
Secreted from parathyroid glands if plasma Ca2+ drops
Mobilizes Ca2+ from bone
Increases Ca2+ uptake from urine
Increases Ca2+ absorption by intestine |
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Definition
Works with PTH to raise blood Ca2+
Derived from vitamin D
Acts like PTH |
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Definition
Secreted from thyroid gland when plasma Ca2+ is high.
Suppresses Ca2+ loss from bone
Opposes actions of PTH to maintain Ca2+ balance. |
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