Term
|
Definition
| study of chemical compunds that compose the bodies of animals and how animals are able to synthesize the chemical components of their bodies from the chemical materials they collect from their environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whether the compound can be broken down by digestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transfer of molecules from the open central cavity of an animal's GI tract into living tissues of the animal. |
|
|
Term
| what cannot be reused in the metabolism, and instead must be aqcuired by food ingestion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| process of obtaining and ingesting foods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingest organisms suspended in water that are much smaller than the feeder. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attack
suspension feeding
symbiotic association with microbes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scraping organ in mollusks that consists of a ribbonlike band of connective tissue studded with chitinous teeth streched over a cartilaginous rod. |
|
|
Term
| secondary compounds (allelochemicals) |
|
Definition
| toxic compounds within tissues that deter consumption |
|
|
Term
| feeding lower or higher on the food chain increases the energy available? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| baleen plates are composed of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which is the simpler feeding method, filter or suspension? |
|
Definition
| filter. uses ONLY mechanical seiving |
|
|
Term
| can suspension feeders be filter feeders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| can filter feeders be suspension feeders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in species that have symbiotic relationships with bacteris, where are the bacteria located? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| catalyzed reactions that occur without oxygen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| group of verts that have special enlarged gut chambers that house heterotrophic microbes |
|
|
Term
| what kind of conditions are good for fermenting microbes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins to peptide fragments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polysaccharides to disaccharides |
|
|
Term
| 3 functions of foregut fermenters |
|
Definition
fermentative breakdown of compounds the animal cannot digest
synthesize B vitamins, essential amino acids
permit waste nitrogen to be recycled into new protein instead of excreted. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have fermenting microbes in hindgut (rabbit) |
|
|
Term
| what is a difference between vert and invert fermenters? |
|
Definition
sterol synthesis and
presence of intracellular bacterial symbionts of shipworms carry out nitrogen fixation and supply the worm with nitrogenous compounds made from atmospheric nitrogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of food molecules by enzyme action into smaller chemical components that an animal is capable of distributing to its tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| digestion in extracellular body cavity : lumen of stomach or intestines. this is the principal mode of verts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| food particles taken into special cells prior to digestion and occurs w/i cells. principal mode in sponges, worms, mollusks. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this organ secretes digestive enzymes into the midgut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this system secretes bile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| substance plays a role in emulsifying digestion of lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the principal mechanism by which food and other materials are moved along as they pass thru the digestive system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the outer layer that shorten the gut when contracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| located in the inner layer of smooth gut muscle that constrict when contracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| constricting at one point iniates constriction of a neighboring point producing a wave |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| circular muscle constrictions appear and disappear in patterns that move food back and forth |
|
|
Term
| order can only be maintained if a system is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the second law of thermodynamics applies to what system: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| capacity to do mechanical work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemical
heat
electrical
mechanical
|
|
|
Term
| which type of energy is capable of doing all work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which type of energy is not capable of doing work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of energy in ATP used during muscle contraction |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of chemical energy in glucose found in ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
biosynthesis
maintenance
generation of external work |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rate of energy consumption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy converted to external work and heat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
(4.186 J) |
|
|
Term
| why is metabolic rate important? |
|
Definition
determines amt food needed
heat produced gvs quant measure of phyiological mechs
measures animal's strain on ecosystem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting metabolic rate of an ectotherm at a particular temp |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting metabolic rate of an endotherm in the thermoneutral zone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy of organized motion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separation of + and - charges |
|
|
Term
| carbohydrate enzymes (2): |
|
Definition
| amylase and disaccharidases (maltase, sucrase, lactase) |
|
|
Term
| which enzymes does the small intestine secrete? (SLAM) |
|
Definition
sucrase
lactase
aminopeptidase
maltase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures rate heat leaves the animal's body |
|
|
Term
| indirect calorimetry (2 methods): |
|
Definition
respiratory gas exchange: if a mol of glucose is burned, 6 mols of o2 and 6 mols co2 will be produced
foodstuff is determined by indicices of cellular function:
mols co2 produced
mols o2 consumed
material balance: measure organic material entering and leaving body. subtract output form input |
|
|
Term
| 2 major factors that affect metabolic rate: |
|
Definition
physical activity
temp
also: age gender size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in metabolic rate after food ingestion |
|
|
Term
| which (protein, lipid, fat) results in highest specific dynamic action? |
|
Definition
| protein results in the highest? |
|
|
Term
| diet induced thermogenesis |
|
Definition
| long term increase in metabolic rate due to consistent overeating |
|
|
Term
| small mammals have higher or lower weight specific BMRs than big ones? |
|
Definition
| higher BMRs for larger or smaller mammals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
individual items
suspension feeding
fluid feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located
identified
subdued
ingested |
|
|
Term
| suspension feeding fish use |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symbiosis occurs with 3 types of microbes : |
|
Definition
photosynthetic autotrophs
chemosynthetic autotrophs
heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make org molecules from inorg precursors
(algae, which are dinoflagellates) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
make org molecules from inorg molecules using energy-releasing inorg chem rxns
(riftia-use sulfur oxidizing bacteria) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| must ingest and breakdown to get energy |
|
|
Term
| algae help supply coral with |
|
Definition
food energy
calcareous skeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where algal cells are located |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where sulfur oxidizing bacteria live in shipworms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in forgut fermenters food is: |
|
Definition
mixed old and new
not mixed in the intestine to allow for optimal enzymatic activity |
|
|
Term
| 4 chambers of ruminant stomach: |
|
Definition
rumen & reticulum- ferm vats, rely on protozoan and bacteria, convert carbs
omassum- mixing
abomassum- only part that secretes digestive enzymes |
|
|
Term
| breakdown of food pathway: |
|
Definition
headgut-gets ingested food
foregut-conducts, stores, digests material
midgut-digests and absorbs nutrients
hindgut- absorbs water and stores waste
|
|
|
Term
| 4 processes of food pathway: |
|
Definition
motility
secretion
digestion
absorption |
|
|
Term
| in the vert foregut, the stomach: |
|
Definition
in the vert foregut, this organ:
initiates protein digestion
secretes pepsinogen and HCl (pepsinogen -> pepsin)
chyme |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pepsinogen and pepsin secreted by |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vert midgut consists of (3): |
|
Definition
duodenum-secretes fluids, receives bile, proteases, lipases
jejunum-secretes fluids, site of digestion and absorption
ileum-absorbs nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outermost layer of midgut |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucous membrane that had many circular fold. where food actually touches lining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fibrous connective tissue in midgut |
|
|
Term
| central lacteal comes from the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ceca are the major site of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amt of blood heart pumps over 1 min |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| sudden, intense exercise. ATP depleted quick |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise that can be continued at a steady rate for a long time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy currency of animals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the rate of work is dependent on: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ADP + Pi + energy from food = ATP
ATP= ADP + Pi + usable energy for the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use O2 and food to make H2O, CO2, ATP |
|
|
Term
| 4 sets of metabolic rxns: (KOGE) |
|
Definition
Krebs
oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis
electron transport chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in cytosol
anaerobic
uses 2 ATP
makes 2 ATP and 2NADH
inefficient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in mitochondria
2 turns for every glucose
makes 2 ATP, 8 NADH, 2 FADH
gets rid of 6CO2
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in inner mitochondrial membrane
requires 4 protein complexes
passes on electrons from NADH and FADH
cytochrome oxidase passes the electronsand H to O2, making H2O |
|
|
Term
| name the 4 protein complexes in the etc (NSCC): |
|
Definition
NADH dehydrogenase
succinate dehydrogenase
cytochrome b-c1
cytochrome oxidase |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
occurs in mitochondria
(uses energy from etc to make ATP)
use the transfer of electrons from the 3 etc complexes to build a hydrogen ion gradient, then the hydrogen ions pump thru ATP synthase to make ATP
|
|
|
Term
| what happens if O2 runs out in cells? |
|
Definition
etc stops
ox phos stops
glycolysis stops
cell runs out of NAD and FAD |
|
|
Term
| what is the principal anaerobic pathway that verts use to make ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| NADH gives its electrons to pyruvic acid. which produces lactic acid. this is carried out by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). LDH presence is wat allows tissues to make ATP in O2 absence. |
|
|
Term
| how may lactic acid be metabolized? |
|
Definition
| thru krebs or gluconeogenesis |
|
|
Term
| steady state ATP production: |
|
Definition
ATP made as used
raw materials used no faster than made up
chemical by products removed as fast as made
changes dont disrupt cell function |
|
|
Term
| NON steady state ATP production: |
|
Definition
glycolysis
internal O2 stores used
phosphagens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lactic acid accumulation
sustained excercise |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| for all the electrons that come from the NADH/FADH molecules, if tightly coupled, it will have the exact right amt of electrons to reduce oxygen to water. |
|
|
Term
| how many ATP does NADH produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many ATP does FADH produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| amt of blood ejected by ventricle in 1 contraction |
|
|
Term
| heart rate x stroke volume= |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neural input from where can affect the pacemaker potentials at the SA and AV nodes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parasympathetic stim of what activates muscarinic arch receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 effects of norepinephrine: |
|
Definition
increase hrt rate by reduce K perm
increase speed of wave excitation thru AV node
speeds up action potential conduction
increase force of myocardial contraction by increase Ca perm |
|
|
Term
| EDV (end diastolic vol) determined by (4): |
|
Definition
venous filling pressure
artial contractile pressure
ventricular wall distensibility
time available for vent filling |
|
|
Term
| end systolic volume (esv) determined by (2): |
|
Definition
vent contractile pressure
pressure in outflow channels form heart |
|
|
Term
| how is oxy blood shunted from right atrium to left atrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is blood shunted from right vent to peripheral circ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 functions of aterial system: |
|
Definition
conduit for blood b/w heart and capillaries
pressure res
dampen oscillation of blood flow due to vent ejection
control flow of distib of blood to cap beds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diff in press b/w outside and inside of aterial wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diff b/w sys and dia press |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile cells within cap membrane |
|
|
Term
| both absolute press and and pulse press fall as blood goes from: |
|
Definition
| aterial to venous side of cap |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
continuous- not perm
fenestrated-semi perm
sinusoidal- very perm |
|
|
