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Animal Nutrition--ATI
Principles of Animal Nutrition
28
Agriculture
Not Applicable
11/20/2012

Additional Agriculture Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

Types of water systems for grazing cattle

Definition

 

 

–Ponds & watering holes

–Wells

–Springs

–Streams

--Automatic Waterers

Term
Types of water systems for grazing cattle:
Definition

 

–Ponds & watering holes

–Wells

–Springs

–Streams

-Automatic waterers

 

Term

 

 

Considerations when choosing a watering system for grazing beef cattle

Definition

 

 

–Distance to water

77% of time graze within 1200 ft of water

12% of time graze > 2400 ft from water

–Stock tank vs. pond

•75% of beef cattle prefer stock tank over pond

•23% greater gains when drinking from tank vs. pond

Term
CHO
Definition

 

 

re products of photosynthesis

6 CO

2 + 6 H2O + 686 Kcal = C6H12O6 + 6 O2

(glucose)

•Chlorophyll photosynthetic material

–1 g = 4000 calories (4 kcal)

•Serve as structural components in plants

•Plant method of storing energy

Term
CHO
Definition

 

 

•Very little present in animals

–Used quickly or converted for storage

•Main energy source

•Excess energy stored as fat

Term
two ways to classify CHO
Definition

 

 

–Cell wall (NDF)

•Hemicellulose

•Cellulose

•Lignin

Cell components + Pectins (soluble fiber)

•Organic acids

•Sugar

•Starch

•Fructans

Term

 

 

•Sugars classified by the number of sugar molecules

Definition

 

 

Monosaccharides: (1 sugar)

•Glucose

•Fructose

•Galactose

•Mannose

–Disaccharides: (2 sugars)

•Sucrose (glucose + fructose)

Lactose (glucose + galactose)

•Maltose (2 glucose)

Term

 

CHO with 1 sugar = Monosaccharide

Definition

 

 

 

•Glucose

Major end product in non-ruminants

 

Term

 

CHO’s with 2 sugars= Disaccharide

Definition

 

 

Linked with glycosidic bond

Term
Polysaccharide
Definition

 

CHO’s with many sugars=

Term
CHO: Sugars and Starches
Definition

 

 

Sugars are simple and digestible by almost all animals

Starches are a little more complex and not as uniformly digested by all species

Term
Two types of starch
Definition

 

 

–Amylose

•Seeds, fruits

–Amylopectin

•Potatoes, tubers

Poorer digestibility than amylose

Term

 

Starch Digestion

Definition

 

 

Increase moisture content of starch source = greater digestibility

•Increased processing = greater digestibility

–Ground > cracked > whole

•Caution with ruminants

•Grain type

–Wheat > Barley > Oats > Corn > Milo

Term

 

Overview of Sources of Carbohydrates "Energy Feedstuffs"

Definition

 

 

Cereal grains

–Corn, sorghum, wheat, barley, oats

•Amylose

•Roots and tubers

–Potatoes

•Amylopectin

•By-products

–Molasses, sucrose

–Beet pulp, bakery waste

Term

 

Corn Carbohydrate Properties

Definition

 

 

Starch types

Amylose (25%) and amylopectin (75%)

Digestion in non-ruminants

–Small intestine

Amylose + Amylase Glucose

•igestion in ruminants

–Microbial fermentation to VFA

Term

 

Carbohydrate Nutritional Considerations of Wheat

Definition

 

 

Equal to corn in feeding value

•Could completely replace corn in some diets

•Generally too expensive

–Until wheat is less expensive than corn

•More rapidly digested than corn

–> risk of acidosis

Non-starch polysaccharides

Xylose and arabinoxylans

Term
Considerations of Barley
Definition

 

 

Lower starch content

•Higher fiber content

Contain poorly digested glucans

–β

– glucans

•Gummy, viscous

•Reduce intake, passage rate, fat absorption

Term
Considerations of Potatoes
Definition

 

 

•70% of dry matter is starch

–20% amylose and 80% amylopectin

–Raw starch is poorly digested

–Potato wastes

Up to 20-30% of diets

Term

 

Carbohydrate Nutritional Considerations of Molasses

Definition

 

 

46% or greater sugars

2-5% of pelleted diets

Combined with urea to make high energy, high protein diets for ruminants

Term

 

Carbohydrate Digestion in Non-ruminants

Definition

 

 

Mainly use the cell content portions

–Starch

•Digested using amylase enzymes

–Saliva = Salivary amylase

–Pancreas = Pancreatic amylase

•Broken down into glucose

Term

 

Utilization of Fiber in Non-ruminants

Definition

 

 

Non-ruminants cannot effectively utilize the energy contained in the fibrous portions of feeds

Term

 

Carbohydrate Digestion in Ruminants

Definition

 

 

•Ruminants can utilize starch, sugar, and fiber

•Microorganisms ferment CHO’s

–Bacteria

–Protozoa

–Fungi

Term

 

Specific Uses of VFA’s

Definition

 

 

Acetic Acid (acetate)

–Oxidized for energy

–Milk fat

–Back fat

–Ketogenic

–Heat production

Term

 

Specific Uses of VFA’s

Definition

 

 

Propionic Acid (propionate)

–Forms glucose

Anti-ketogenic

–Forms milk sugar

•50 – 70% of lactose from propionate

–Forms amino acids

–Intramuscular fat

–Low heat increment

Term

 

Specific Uses of VFA’s

Definition

 

 

Energy source

–Develops rumen in young ruminants

–Ketogenic

–Low heat increment

Term

 

Sugar Digestion in Ruminants

Definition

 

 

Rapid microbial fermentation

•Sugars → VFA’s → glucose

•Sources

–Molasses, beet pulp, citrus pulp, sucrose

Term

 

Starch Digestion in Ruminants

Definition

 

 

Important energy source

–Feedlots and dairy

–Little in cow/calf

•Sources

–Corn, wheat, oats, barley and other cereal grains

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