Term
| What are the ways to figure out what animals eat without observing them in nature? |
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Definition
Natural trace materials are stored in an animal and can tell you its history and what it ate
pollutants, metals
stable isotope of C and N
Accumulation of substances in the food chain-PCBs,mercury,DDT |
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Term
| What stable isotope makes you higher in the food chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of eaters are gladiators and how do we know this? |
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Definition
| Vegans, and due to stable isotopes |
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Term
| What is the hardest working organ of the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are two variations on the vertebrate digetive system? |
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Definition
Pythones- big, infrequent meals of meat (and bone)
Herbivores-eathing plant cellulose |
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Term
| What features do herbivores have that are larger than carnivores, and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Cecum, they help digest plants |
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Term
| What two things in plants make herbivory more specialized? |
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Definition
| Plan tissue and Cellulose aka dietary fiber |
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Term
| Why is cellulose so hard to break up? |
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Definition
| It is stable. It is a polymer that is made out of glucose molecules |
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Term
| What enzyme breaks down cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can break down cellulose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe cellulose degration. |
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Definition
| It is slow and generally requiere anaerobic (zero oxygen) conditions |
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Term
| Why are scientists interested in cellulose breakdown? |
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Definition
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Term
IClicker question: What would be a good characteristic of an fermentation chamber like the cecum?
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Definition
| A)cellulose spends a long time in chameber so it has time to be digested |
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Term
| What happens in the cecum? |
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Definition
| Allows the breakdown of cellulose in herbicores |
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Term
| What does the cecum look like? |
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Definition
| One opening and exit- lower oxygen, slower passage |
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Term
| What must be reintroduced to the digestive sytem after stored in the cecum? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is unique to a cow that makes them digest grass more completely? |
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Definition
| The stomach is modified slightly to have 4 chambers. |
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Term
| What are the cows chambers and what do they do? |
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Definition
In the first two-symbiotic bacteria and protists break down cellulose
3rd- water is absorbed
4th-futher digestion by cow's enzymes |
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Term
| What happens after the first two steps of a cows chamber? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chamber is water absorbed for a 4 chambered stomach? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chamber is the digestion by cow's enzyme taking place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens during the mutation of lusozyme? |
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Definition
(bacteria degrading enzyme)
high amounts of pepsin and HCl resistant form secreted in stomach |
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Term
| Why is beef considered bad for you? |
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Definition
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Term
IClicker Question:
A giant isopod in Japan has not eaten for 1500 days (last meal was a fish gulped down in 5 minutes
A) this may be normal since they are sit and wait predators in the deep sea where encountering a meal can be extremely rare
B)this is impossible because animals must eat 3 meals per day
C)The onlly explanation is that the isopod is eating when no one is observing, or someone is sneaking food to the isopod |
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Definition
| A) this may be normal since they are sit and wait predators in the deep sea where encountering a meal can be extremely rare |
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Term
| Why does herbivory require specializations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes plant tissue difficult to digest? |
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Definition
| harder to break up, contains cellulose, nutrients less concentrated than meat, cellulose |
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Term
| What are the most abundant polymers on earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the structure of cellulose |
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Definition
| plant cell wall, 100s to 1000s of glucose units, around 30-50% of plant dry weight |
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Term
| You are what you eat plus ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| What stable isotope tells you what is at the base of the food chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What kind of plant have more 13C? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does hair isotope data tell us about the UK? |
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Definition
| UK uses more C3 grain than US (we use corn) |
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Term
| What may have suggested the gladiators diet? What kind of diet did they have? |
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Definition
| Stable isotopes suggest gladiators may have been vegan |
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Term
| Describe the vertebrate digestive system of the Python |
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Definition
Big, infrequent meals of meat(and bone)
capable of ingesting prey over 1/2 body weight
between meals no digestive enzymes or stomach acid is produced, intestine villi are shrunken, heart mass shrinks
After swallowing digestive enzymes, acids, and orgins increase in size. 44 fold increase in metabolism |
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