Term
| Why is the rate of appearance of volatile fatty acids in portal venous blood less than their rate of ruminal production and uptake by rumen epithelial (papillary) tissue? |
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Definition
| Because they can be converted and stored in the liver or adipose tissue? |
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Term
| Olive oil is rich in oleic acid (C18:1) whereas safflower oil is rich in linoleic acid (C18:2). Which has the lower melting point and why? |
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Definition
| Linoleic acid because it contains more double bonds which makes it more unsaturated, which causes the FA to be more fluid and have a lower melting point. |
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Term
| __________________are derived from arachidonic acid, which is synthesized from the essential fatty acid, _______________________, except in ___________. |
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Definition
| ________Eicosanoids______________are derived from arachidonic acid, which is synthesized from the essential fatty acid, _____linoleic_______________________, except in ___most_carnivores________. |
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Term
| In fattening beef steers, ________ is the major carbon source for synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in __________ tissue, which are then esterified with ______________ and stored as ___________________. |
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Definition
| In fattening beef steers, ________acetate____________________is the major carbon source for synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in __________adipose_______________ tissue, which are then esterified with __________glycerol______________ and stored as ___________triacylglycerides._________. |
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Term
| Name the process that allows body tissues to synthesize nonessential (dispensensible) amino acids, and indicate the tissue in which it is most active. |
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Definition
| Transamination, which is most active in the liver? |
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Term
| In an animal that has been starved for several days, the rates of protein synthesis and degradation are 100 g/d and 150 g/d, respectively. What is its daily rate of protein catabolism? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the two major classes of essential mineral and give an example of each |
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Definition
| macro and micro minerals. macro is sulfur, microminerals aew copper and molymbdenum |
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Term
| Name three body tissues that are involved in the endogenous synthesis of active vitamin D3 (1, 25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol). |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might a sheep farmer choose to keep some black sheep in a flock grazing pasture grown on soil known to be rich in the minerals molybdenum and sulfur? |
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Definition
| In order to keep track of the copper deficiency and see how severe it is. Depending on the severity of the deficiency, the sheep will turn a lighter color. |
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Term
| Define the term “provitamin”. Give an example. |
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Definition
| Substance in which vitamins can be derived. Carotenoids are common provitamins; like beta carotene. |
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Term
| State two important functions of vitamin A and name the chemical form of vitamin A required for each function. |
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Definition
Immunity: retinol
Night vision: retinoic acid (lack rhodopsin in retina) |
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Term
| How does exposing young animals to sunlight help prevent them from developing rickets? |
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Definition
| They are able to synthesize vitamin D, in which a deficiency is known to cause rickets. |
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Term
| In feeding productive ruminants, why is it important to consider the quality of rumen undegradable protein sources but not rumen degradable protein sources? |
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Definition
| Because the bacteria in the rumen absorbs the degradable nutrients, so it is not as important as the degradable, which is absorbed by the animal tissues. |
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Term
| Would you expect the dietary requirement of niacin (nicotinamide) in a working sled dog to be higher lower or no different than in a sedentary dog of similar body size? Explain your answer. |
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Definition
| It is part of energy producing reactions, so a higher amount is needed in the sled dogs rather than the sedentary dogs. |
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Term
| A swine producer has tried to reduce the cost of his grower ration by substituting some of its corn with lower energy byproduct feeds, while maintaining a high protein content. Explain why his pigs are growing more slowly, and he is noticing a more intense odor of ammonia in his grower barn. |
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Definition
| The growth of the swine are dependent on the energy source. Therefore, the protein cannot be absorbed efficiently. The high amount of protein in the diet cant be absorbed, so it is converted to ammonia and then urea and is excreted as urine in the kidneys |
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Term
| This summer, poor forage growing conditions forced a local dairy farmer to use imported alfalfa hay in the ration fed to late-pregnant dry cows. He has been seeing a marked increase in the incidence of milk fever (parturient paresis) in his newly calved cows. Explain the problem and offer a remedy. |
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Definition
Probably deals with low phosphorous levels in comparison to the calcium levels. There needs to be a stable balance between the two because they compete for absorption. There needs to be a supplement of phosphorous like Dical phosphate.
Also, the cows are approaching calving, which means they need a lower supply of calcium. High calcium decreases bone reabsorption, which leads to low levels of Ca being absorbed by the tissues, which leads to milk fever.
It is better if he did not supply Ca before it gives birth. |
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Term
| Discuss, with examples, why maintenance energy requirements have an important influence on the overall efficiency of energy utilization for productive purposes in farm animals. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why did oral dosing with cobalt cure wasting disease in beef cattle grazing coastal pastures in Florida, whereas intramuscular injection with cobalt had no effect? |
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Definition
| Because it allows the bacteria in the rumen to produce the B12 vitamins, which can then convert propionate to glucose, as opposed to injecting the Co, which wont have any effect. |
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Term
| Discuss the involvement of B vitamins in oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl CoA. |
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Definition
| CoA is produced by the _____acid. |
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Term
| Your geriatric dog has developed diabetes and has suffered a couple of bouts of severe ketoacidosis. Discuss the sequence of metabolic events that lead to this syndrome, and comment on its similarity to the development of lactation ketosis in recently calved dairy cows. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is the feeding of rumen undegradable protein an important issue in the nutrition of high-yielding dairy cows? Discuss this in relation to dietary objectives for maximizing protein quantity and quality available for postruminal digestion and absorption. |
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Definition
| RUP is needed so the high yielding dairy cow can obtain the protein from the diet, instead of it being degraded by the microbes in the rumen. This relates to protein maximization, because even though they are given RUP, they still need a proper mix of AA in the protein in order to match the cow’s requirements. If they are lacking a particular AA, then they need to intake more protein until the need is met, which can lead to a protein excess. |
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