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Animal Movement B
n/a
31
Biology
Undergraduate 2
03/30/2014

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Cards

Term
what are the 2 types of muscle fibers?
Definition
twitch and tonic
Term
what innervates twitch muscles?
Definition
large nerve cells for all-or-none reaction
Term
what do twitch muscles have a low count of and why?
Definition
low myoglobin count - they often function anaerobically
Term
what is myoglobin and how does it compare to other "glob ins"?
Definition
its an O2 carrier specific to muscles
carries even more O2 molecules than hemoglobin
Term
what do low myoglobin muscles look like?
Definition
white in color
like chicken breasts
Term
what muscles have a very high myoglobin content?
Definition
tonic
Term
what innervates tonic muscles?
Definition
small nerve fibers
Term
whats a great example of a tonic fiber?
Definition
clam adductor muscles
Term
what are most muscles made of? what is not possible 99% of the time?
Definition
most muscles made of both twitch and tonic
99% of the time muscle fibers cannot be converted from tonic to twitch and vice versa
Term
what is the only way to change muscle type? why?
Definition
used repeatedly for high endurance activities
genetics
Term
why is it that ethnicity can dictate some athletic ability?
Definition
certain races have more of one type of muscle fiber than others
Term
what are the 2 kinds of muscles used for insect flight?
Definition
longitudinal and vertical
Term
how many times do insects beat their wings per second?
Definition
100-1000
Term
how often do nerve impulses arrive for an insects wings to flap?
Definition
every few beats
Term
what are the 2 reasons the nerve impulse is needed in insect flight?
Definition
if a change in direction is needed
to keep the Ca++ from AT out
Term
how do the vertical muscles in insect wings work?
Definition
they contract and pull the thorax and wings causing them to snap up, also putting pressure on the vertical muscles
Term
how do the longitudinal muscles in insect wings work?
Definition
respond to the pressure of the vertical wings by distorting the top of the thorax causing the wings to snap back down
Term
what are the 2 control systems of the nervous system and what are their relative speeds?
Definition
nervous - rapid response, impulse travels 100 m/s
endocrine - slow response in the form of hormones
Term
what is the most complicated organ?
Definition
human brain
Term
how many neurons does the human brain contain?
Definition
100 billion neurons, more than there are stars in the milky way
Term
what is a nerve and what is a neuron?
Definition
nerve = bundle of neurons + BV, wrapped around in connective tissue
neuron = individual neuron (like a sarcomere in a myofibril)
Term
what is a stimulus?
Definition
internal or external environmental change
Term
what is an effector?
Definition
every motor neuron terminates into either a gland or a muscle
Term
what composes the Central Nervous System (CNS)? the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?
Definition
CNS - brain and spinal chord
PNS - all other nerves
Term
what kind of nervous system do cnidarians have?
Definition
nerve net - conducts impulses in all directions from a stimulus
Term
what is a "proto" brain? what kinds of animals have this?
Definition
ganglianization - concentration of neurons
occurs in animals with bilateral symmetry
Term
what does the anterior region of bilateral animals with ganglianization usually develop? why?
Definition
a cephalization (head)
does this because its close to sensory organs (eyes, ears, etc)
Term
what is the nerve chord in an earth worm? what color is it?
Definition
vertral nerve chord
white
Term
what's on the length of the body of an earthworm? why?
Definition
ganglia due to segmentation
Term
what is the major ganglion of the earthworm and where is it located?
Definition
surrounds esophagus, called circumesophageal
Term
what is the major ganglion of the grasshopper? why is it located there?
Definition
thoracic ganglion - by legs and wings
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