Term
| what is the purpose of a skeleton? |
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Definition
| points for muscles to attach to cause pronounced movement |
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Term
| what are muscles not found in? where are they first found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what do muscle cells look like? |
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Definition
| cylindrical in shape and often long |
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Term
| what are the 4 tissue types of humans? |
|
Definition
epithelial
muscle
nervous
connective |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 basic muscle types? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what are qualities of smooth/visceral muscles? |
|
Definition
| no striations and uninucleated |
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Term
| where is smooth muscle found? |
|
Definition
| lines BV (constriction and dilation), lines digestive tract, and some other internal organs |
|
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Term
| how are cells in smooth muscle arranged? why? |
|
Definition
tightly packed
have lots of elasticity that allows for stretching such as vaso constriction and dilation |
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Term
| what are qualities of cardiac/heart muscles? |
|
Definition
| striated and uninucleated |
|
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Term
| what do the cells of cardiac muscles look like? |
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Definition
| small/short fibers in the shape of a "Y" |
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Term
| what is between the cells of cardiac muscles? what does that look like? |
|
Definition
intercalated discs
looks like dark shaded lines |
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Term
| what are some features of skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
most common muscle tissue
striated and multinuclear |
|
|
Term
| why are skeletal muscles multinuclear? |
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Definition
| they have to move in a lot of different/complex ways |
|
|
Term
| what is the only voluntary muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what is the hierarchal order of skeletal tissue? |
|
Definition
muscle
bundle of muscle fibers
single muscle fiber
myofibril |
|
|
Term
| what is a unit of muscle structure? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| what are the components of a sarcomere? |
|
Definition
Z lines - vertical lines separating sarcomeres
thin filaments - 2 strands of mostly actin protein (pearls) with Tropomyosin and Troponin regulatory proteins (strands surrounding)
thick filaments - myosin (protein) |
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|
Term
| how do you measure a sarcomere? |
|
Definition
| white band to white band (z line to z line) |
|
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Term
| what is the movement of muscles theory called? |
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Definition
| Sliding Filament Theory of Muscle Contraction (SFTMC) |
|
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Term
| what do the thick and thin filaments do when the muscle contracts? |
|
Definition
thin filaments slide in
thick filaments don't move |
|
|
Term
| what does the thick filament consist of specifically? |
|
Definition
| 200 myosin molecules all at different angles to z line |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 parts of a myosin molecule? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what happens with the thick filament when the muscle is relaxed? |
|
Definition
| ATP attaches to the head of the myosin |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation involving ATP for energy? |
|
Definition
ATP ----> ADP + P + E
ATPase acts in reaction |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the myosin as the E is transferred to it? what does the myosin look like while muscles are relaxed? |
|
Definition
head lifts as in cocking a spring
myosin is like a loaded spring - potential energy as heads are perpendicular to the thin filaments |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 proteins in thin filaments and what are their jobs? |
|
Definition
actin - globular protein acts as bonding site with myosin
tropomyosin and troponin - both act as embedded regulatory proteins that prevent contraction when Ca2+ is not present |
|
|
Term
| what surrounds each sarcomere? |
|
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
a specialized ER that contains CA2+ |
|
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Term
| what causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum the release the Ca++? what happens? |
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Definition
a nerve impulse
Ca++ diffuses out, binds with tropomyosin and troponin to reveal binding site where myosin binds to the activation site treating a cross bridge followed by a power stroke |
|
|
Term
| what 2 things have to be there for muscle contraction to happen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when the nerve impulse stops? |
|
Definition
| Ca++ must AT back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
|
Term
| where does the energy for the muscle contraction come from? |
|
Definition
1. free ATP offers 5-6 seconds at maximal exertion
2. Phosphate (creatine phosphate) offers 5-10 seconds at ME
3. glycogen metabolized - muscles store a large amount of glycogen - convert glycogen to glucose to run CR and create 38 ATP |
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|
Term
| what are the 2 ways CR runs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens when CR functions without O2? |
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Definition
| in anaerobic CR, glycolysis is the only possible step with a net 2 ATP produced. Then lactic acid is produced, causing the pH to drop and enzymes to stop functioning |
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Term
| what removes lactic acid and how fast does it do this? what is the lactic acid released as? |
|
Definition
liver
only 30-60 minutes to remove
it either reconverts to glycogen or passes to body cells and is oxidized to CO2 |
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|
Term
| why do muscles hurt the day after a workout? |
|
Definition
| muscle fibers are damaged |
|
|
Term
| what are the conditions of aerobic CR? |
|
Definition
| circulatory system delivers enough O2 and ATP for CR to function |
|
|
Term
| what are muscle contractions known as? what does this mean? |
|
Definition
universal phenomenon
evolutionary old and very successful |
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