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| attempts at classifying organisms date back to |
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| 18th century anatomists began to _______ of different animals? |
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| in 19th century began to try to account for strange forms in fossil beds-suggested |
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| the large number of species were originally created and then some were lost during series of catastrophes |
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| proposed that animals could aquire characteristics during lifetime and pass them on to offspring |
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| contemporary, but unknown to darwin, provied the mechanism (genetics) that darwin needed to explain his theory. darkwin was never aware of this publication |
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| 19th century came up with a theory of natural selection to explain differenced among species. |
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| what did darwin note about his theory? |
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Definition
-variation among individuals
-the fact that animal breeders could select specific traits in a breed
-if one variant gives the animal a better chance to survive and reproduce it will be passed on to our next generation and eventually will become the standard for species, just as in domestic animal breeding |
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| how did darwin test his ideas/theory? |
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Definition
| studied finches of the galapogos island |
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Definition
| is the study of the interactions of organisms with eachother and their environment |
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Term
Ecology's studied levels of hierarchy
level 1 |
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Definition
| organisms-phisology and behavior |
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Term
Ecology's studied levels of hierarchy
level 2 |
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Definition
| population:organisms of same species reproducing with each other combine |
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Ecology's studied level of hierachy
level 3 |
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Definition
| community- populations of different organisms that coexist form |
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Ecology's studied level of hierarchy
level 4 |
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Definition
| ecosystem- communities together witht he physical environment form |
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Ecology's studied level of hierarchy
level 5 |
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Definition
| biosphere- all earths ecosystems together |
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Definition
| make use of resources in their environment for food and shelter |
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| the area that can satisfy an animals demand |
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| within habitat,what the animal does within the habitat |
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| no two species will occupy same niche. true or false |
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Definition
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| why can no two species occupy a niche? |
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Definition
| one will outcompete the other |
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| when can species occupy same area? |
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Definition
- by differing in activity patterns (night and day)
-specialized feeding
-seasonal population cycles ( summer vs spring activity) |
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| What do organisms compete against eachother for? |
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Definition
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| one of the driving forces of evolution |
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| organisms are preyed upon by other organisms. true or false |
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Definition
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| another key factor driving evolutionary change |
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| populations may be composed of: |
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Definition
unitary- indviduals
colonies-genetically identical, reproduce both sexually and asexually by cloning (corals,bryozoans) |
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Term
| parthenogenic individuals |
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Definition
| female only for most population cycle, only occasionally do males appear. |
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| how does parthogenic individuals have advantages? what is a long term probelm? |
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Definition
advantage: when population numbers are very low-very rapid growth
long term problem: lack of genetic variability |
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Definition
| populations that have no limitations of resources or preditators will grow |
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Definition
denoted by the symbol r.
eventually populations are going to be limited by some resource. |
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Definition
maximum population size that a habitat can maintain, the point at which births and deaths are equal,
usually denoted by symbol K. |
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Definition
| one that tries to grow (in terms of population) as fast as possible |
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| example strategy of r-selected species |
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Definition
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Definition
| tries to maintain a constant population level near the environments carrying capacity |
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Term
| trade offs between r-selected and k-selected species |
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Definition
| a species growing as fast as possible might not invest resources in anti-predator defenses, putting everything into reproduction. risk if predators become abandont. slow growing species with lots of defenses may not be able to reproduce before its habitat becomes unfavorable |
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| relations within communities are defined by: |
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Definition
| competition and predation among species |
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Definition
| deine the relationship among species within a community |
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Definition
| (at the base) convert sun's energy ( or energy stored in chemicals) into organic matter |
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Definition
| primary consumers (herbivores) make use of the primary productivity |
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Definition
| higher-level consumers. feed on herbivores |
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Term
| can the number of trophic levels within an ecosystem vary? |
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Definition
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Term
| can their be trophic levels in the antartic? explain |
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Definition
| few: most important transfer of energy is from phytoplankton to krill to whales |
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Term
| elsewhere there may be numerous levels of predators: true or false |
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Definition
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Term
| why does very long food chains yield very few top predators between trophic levels |
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Definition
| energy is lost at every transfer |
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| yielding very few top predators limits: |
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Definition
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| because energy is lost at every transfer |
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Definition
| simple food web in the antartic can support such a large population of marine animals |
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Term
| hierarchy of animal organization: |
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Definition
1. protoplasm
2.cell (muscle cell)
3. tissue (muscle tissue)
4.organ(heart)
5. organ system (circulatory system)
6. individual
7. coloy ( as in corals) |
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Definition
| can contract to provide movement |
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Definition
| faces the environment (both outside and inside a body) |
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| can be divided into similar havles by any plane ( some protozoans) |
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| can be divided into similar havles by mulitple planes through a longitudinal axis |
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| can be divided into similar havles by only 1 plane ( right and left side) |
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| is a fluid-filled cavity within body |
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| devised hierarchial system of naming species refered to as binominal nomenclature |
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Definition
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| one goal of classification |
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Definition
| provide some sense of order to the enormous diversity of form seen in living organisms |
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Term
| what does a species consist of |
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Definition
| populations of interbreeding organisms |
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| what does the modern species concept recognize? what is this also known as |
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Definition
| species exist over time and vary over time and spatial range, science of systematics |
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Definition
| monera (bacteria), protoctista, fungi, plants, animals |
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| condensed version, not a formal phylogeny |
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Definition
| protoctista, (slime molds) |
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Definition
| protictista, (diatoms, brown algae, red algae) |
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Definition
| move and feed by pseudopodia (extensions of cell) ( amebas, foraminifera (foram) radiolaria) |
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Definition
| have cilia, numerous short hair-like structures, for propulsion |
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Term
| flagellates and dinoflagellates |
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Definition
| have flagella, 1 or 2 long hair-like structures , for propulsion |
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Definition
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| 2 major subdivisions of animal kingdom |
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Definition
near animals-parazoa, includes sponges
true animals-eumetazoa |
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Definition
| the sponges , a loose association of cells, an epidermis but no other tissue layers |
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Definition
| simple sponges are small tubes |
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Definition
| more complex sponges have simple infoldings |
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Definition
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Definition
| flagellated lined intermittenly |
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| only tissue layer in phylum porifera |
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Definition
| calcium carbonate spicules |
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Definition
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Definition
| most abundant group, have spicules of SPONGIN, silica, or calcium carbonate |
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Term
| what do spicules and spongin provide |
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Definition
| structural support and protection against ingestion by predators |
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Term
| what is unique in the animal kingdom about sponges |
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Definition
| sponges can be completely disaggregated into individual cells that can reassemble themselves into new, smaller sponges |
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Definition
| consist of either polyp or medusae forms |
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Term
| phylum cnidaria introduces |
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Definition
| nerves, muscles, and a body plan with 2 tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| with no central brain, two tissue layers of gastrodermis and epidermis with connective material in between |
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| surounded by tentacles leading into gastrovascular cavity. |
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| what has contracting extensions to form what |
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Definition
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| fuctions of skin in phylum cnidaria |
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Definition
| protection from environment, muscles |
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| functions of gastrovascular cavity |
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Definition
| digestion, salt balance, reproduction |
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Definition
| possess the polyp-medusae-larvae-polyp life cycle |
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Definition
| are colonial hydrozoans with highly specialized polyps (feeding,defensive,reproductive) and attached medusae (primarily form bells and floats for propulsion) |
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Definition
| both polyp and medusase, but medusae stage dominates |
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Definition
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| anemones and stony corals, sea fans(gorgonians) soft corals, ans sea pens |
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Definition
| other colonial members of group |
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Term
| shallow water stony corals are dependent on |
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Definition
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Definition
| dinoflagellates that live within the tissue of coral polyps |
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Definition
| type of symbiosis of corals since both benefit |
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| benefit to dinoflagellates |
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Definition
1. protection from predators
2. kept close to sunlight
3.recieve nitrogen from coral in the form of excretion products |
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Term
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Definition
1.provide carbohydrates for coral (many algae exude excess sugars that they produce from photosynthesis but cannot use do to lack of other nutrients
2. promotes calcification by removing co2 |
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Definition
such as brain corals are resistant to storm damage, but slow growing *k-selected
can be overgrown by fast-growing species or covered by sediment |
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Definition
| (staghorn corals, plate corals) can grow quickly *r-selected to outgrow competitors but are easily damaged by storms |
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Term
| what are familiar shallow water coral reef distributions dependant on |
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Definition
| temperature- due to temperature limits of symbionts and calcium carbonate chemistry in seawater. |
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Term
| why does water need to be shallow? |
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Definition
| light requirements of the symbiotic algae |
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Term
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Definition
| also form in cold, deep water, have no symbionts and so are slow growing. relativly recently discovered and poorly studied to date |
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Term
| atoll formation was proposed by |
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Definition
| first proposed by charles darwin |
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Term
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Definition
| new volcanic island forms and edges are colonized by corals forming |
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Term
| weight causes volcanos to ____. reef grows ______ to stay near________. |
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Definition
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| island continues to sink and eventually is separated from reef and ____________ forms with _______ between reef and island |
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Definition
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| sinking of island below surface forms characteristic _________ and ________. |
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Definition
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Definition
| caused by loss of symbiotic zooxanthelle, stress, polution has been implicated |
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Term
| what is a prime culprit to coral bleaching? |
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Definition
| temperature, zooxanthelle have narrow temperature range, at high temperatures they are expelled from coral. in some cases zooxanthelle can reinhabit bleached coral polyps |
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Term
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Definition
| can suffocate/clog corals ( which have defenses against low levels of sedimentation) |
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| what can increase sediment load |
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Definition
| land use practices (deforestation, agriculture, coastal develepment |
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| destruction of mangrove swamps loses |
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Definition
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| effect of atmospheric co2 increases: |
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Definition
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Definition
co2 in atmosphere will diffuse into ocean, more in cold water than warm.
in water co2 forms carbonic acid
high levels can prevent corals from absorbing sufficient calcium carbonate |
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Definition
| ctenphores or comb jellies |
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Definition
| small phylum but ecologically very important in ocean |
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Definition
| strongly bioluminescent have very high growth rates, and can at all times dominate the plankton |
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Term
| ctenophores have similar appearance to cnidaria except |
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Definition
| ctenophores do not posess cnidocytes characteristcs of cnidaria |
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Term
| ctenophores are characterized by |
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Definition
| 8 rows of ciliary combs on their body wal that provides propulsion for the organism. made up of plates of cilia fused together into combs |
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Definition
| occurs due to muscular contraction of the body lobes in some ctenophores. |
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| recent example of ctenophonre dominance |
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Definition
| mnemiopsis in Black Sea- a common oceanic ctenophore that had never inhabited the black sea, but apparently entered through ship BALLAST WATER |
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| mnemiopsis in black sea- once established |
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Definition
| NO PREDATORS OR PARASITES to control it, it decimated the plankton |
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Term
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Definition
| flatworms occur at a key juncture on the evolutionary tree. they are the first bilaterally symmetrical group which led to cephalization |
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Definition
| the location of the nerves and sensory organs twoards the front of the animal |
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Definition
| sense organs concentrating in the part of the animal that meets new environment first |
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Definition
| consists of longitudial latitudinal and diagonal muscle fibers that give them excellent control over their body movements |
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Term
| flatworms have secrete pactets of _________ that forms a layer of ____ over surfaces |
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Definition
| highly condensed mucous, slime |
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Term
| the epidermis is covered in ______, pushes against mucous to ________ animal |
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Definition
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Definition
| the simpliest, gut is simly a mass of cells that engulfs food. little cephalization present |
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Definition
| most complex, with ladder-like nervous system, and organ systems that repeat themselves down the length of the animal, which makes regeneration of body parts easy |
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Definition
| parasitic flatworm, posses mouth and digestive tract, attach to host with hooks and suckers, feed on blood and tissue, schistosomiasis (blood fluke) affects many millions of people world wide |
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Definition
| no digestive system or mouth, absorbs food directly through skin, consists of scolex and neck region with few segments building off, segments contain both male and female reproductive system. produce 50000 eggs each, each worm may have thousands of segments,eggs generally must enter intermediate host first, affects millions of people worldwide |
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Definition
| highly specialized animals and often bear little resemblance to free-living forms |
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Term
| level of organization of flatworms |
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Definition
acoel
triclad
flukes
tapeworms |
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