Term
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Definition
| Invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues - causes local cellular injury |
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Term
| How does infection cause cellular injury? |
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Definition
Competitive metabolism
DNA Replication
Toxins
Antigen-Antibody Response |
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Term
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Definition
| Well-defined abnormalities affecting structure & fxn of an organ, organ system, tissue, or whole individual |
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Term
| T or F: Clinical signs can be present in a 'sub-clinical disease' |
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Definition
| False (i.e. only present with clinical disease) |
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Term
| In which type of disease are symptoms overt? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the classifications of disease? |
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Definition
DAMNIT
Degenerative, Anomalous, Metabolic, Neoplastic, Infection, Toxic/Traumatic |
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Term
| Describe Degenerative disease |
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Definition
| Structure is altered by age, use/misuse, or biochemically |
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Term
| Describe Anomalous disease |
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Definition
Abnormal structure and/or fxn
- may be developmental, congenital, or genetic |
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Term
| Describe Metabolic disease |
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Definition
| Due to nutrition, toxins, or hormonal activity that alters normal metabolism |
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Term
| Describe Neoplastic disease |
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Definition
| Abnormal growth of cells @ expense of normal tissue structure & fxn (i.e. cancer) |
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Term
| Describe Infectious disease |
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Definition
| Caused by microorganisms that invade the body and damage normal s&f (i.e. a pathogen, bacteria, viruses, parasitic) |
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Term
| Describe traumatic disease |
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Definition
| A mechanical injury (i.e. broken bone) |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the causes of disease |
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Term
| T or F: The cause of a disease is synonymous with the eliologic agent |
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Definition
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Term
| Compare cause & causitive agent |
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Definition
Causitive agent: pathogen (bac., virus, etc)
Cause: other factors (like epidemiological triad) |
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Term
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Definition
| The development of a disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Any disease-producing microorganism/material |
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Term
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Definition
The study of patterns of disease in a population
- The study of Frequency, Distribution, and Determinants of Health and Disease |
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Term
| Epidemiology is to a population, as pathogenesis is to a(n) _______. |
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Definition
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Term
| T or F: Epi is simply the study of disease |
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Definition
| False, also **productivity** of disease |
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Term
| What are Koch's Postulates? |
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Definition
1. Isolate pathogen of sick animal
2. Infect healthy animal with this pathogen
** If it causes same disease as sick animal...
3. Re-isolate same pathogen |
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Term
| Why use Koch's Postulates? |
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Definition
| To know if a certain pathogen is the cause of a disease |
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Term
| What are the classifications of infectious causes of disease? |
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Definition
| Bacteria, Viruses, Prions, Mycotic, and Parasites |
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Term
| T or F: A virus is the same size as a bacterium |
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Definition
| Waayy false, bacteria are massive in comparison |
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Term
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Definition
- contain some nucleic acid
- require host cell to replicate
- unresponsive to traditional antimicrobial agents |
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Term
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Definition
- like cells
- non-pathogenic, pathogenic, or opportunistic
- can replicate outside a host
- mostly resistant to antimicrobials, but can devel. resistance |
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Term
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Definition
- Prion proteins (PrPs) that are improperly folded resulting in infectious or genetic disease
- resistant to proteases
- somewhat host specific
- cause TSE (Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy) |
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Term
| What are mycotic infections? |
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Definition
| fungal infections, like ringworm |
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Term
| T or F: Parasites are only internal |
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Definition
| False, they can be internal, external, or intracellular |
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Term
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Definition
The degree of pathogenicity of a pathogen
- the severity or "fitness" of a pathogen |
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Term
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Definition
| It is what predisposes an animal to infectious disease |
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Term
| What is the goal/purpose of a pathogen? |
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Definition
| To enhance disease transmission |
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Term
| Define direct transmission |
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Definition
| contact between two animals |
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Term
| Define vector transmission |
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Definition
| Agent requires an invertebrate host for it's own life cycle and transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| An inanimate object (i.e. boots) or one that is alive but is a passive carrier (i.e. human hands) |
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Term
| What are some examples of disease being transmitted using infectious secretions or excretions? |
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Definition
| Respiratory droplets, saliva, puss ("purulent exudate"), feces, urine |
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Term
| What are the TWO broad types of disease transmission? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is horizontal transmission? |
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Definition
b/w animals of the same generation
- infectious or contagious |
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Term
| What is vertical transmission? |
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Definition
b/w animals of one generation and the succeeding generation
- dam to offspring
- in utero, or via colostrum/milk |
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Term
| What is the difference b/w contagious vs infectious? |
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Definition
Contagious: capable of being transmitted from animal to animal
An infectious disease can either be contagious (ebola) or non-contagious (tetanus) |
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Term
| What is the epidemiological triad and why is it important for disease pathogenesis? |
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Definition
Host, Agent, Environmental
- all three must be in perfect balance for disease to occur |
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Term
| What are some host factors affecting disease determination? |
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Definition
- immune status (innate/acquired, affected by environment)
- herd immunity
- age (inevitable degen., change in prod. lvl., immune status, phys state)
- genetic
- physiologic state (preg., lactating)
- Production lvl
- Nutr'l status |
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Term
| What are some agent factors affecting disease determination? |
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Definition
- virulence (can depend on cell surface & metabolic properties)
- pathogen challenge (amount, environment) |
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Term
| What is the difference b/w necessary and sufficient cause? |
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Definition
Necessary: Disease will not occur without this factor
Sufficient: if present, disease WILL occur |
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Term
| T or F: Disease is almost always multifactorial |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Animal doesn't have a clinical disease, but is has the potential to transmit an infectious
May be:
- amsymptomatic (never diseased)
- incubating the disease (eventually/intermittently affected)
- convalescing/recovering |
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Term
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Definition
the condition of being diseased
- the amount of disease (frequency) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of animals with a specific disease that die from it |
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Term
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Definition
| The predicted/expected frequency of a disease in a pop (i.e. common cold) |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurrence of (non/infectious) disease in a population that exceeds the expected level |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease occurs infrequently, and not readily predictable |
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Term
| What are the measures of disease occurrence? |
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Definition
- Prevalence (prop. of # diseased animals/all animals)
- Incidence (prop. of # new cases/# animals at risk) |
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Term
| In calculating a denominator for the Incidence equation, what would we factor into deciding which species are "at risk?" |
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Definition
- not at risk if already diseased/infected
- not at risk if can't experience the outcome of interest (i.e. bulls can't get mastitis/pregnant, or open females can't abort) |
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Term
| Briefly explain the iceberg concept |
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Definition
| The number of infected/diseased individuals in a population can be higher than what is observed, because of the potential presence of sub-clinical disease |
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Term
| In the tipping point concept, what is at either end of the scale that, if not balanced properly, could lead to disease? |
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Definition
Protective factors at one end, promoting health.
Risk factors at the other, promoting disease |
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