Term
| How do cells' shape and volume affect its exchange of materials with the environment? |
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Definition
| Rate of exchange is proportional to a cell’s surface area while amount of exchange material is proportional to a cell’s volume |
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Term
| Main components of the: digestive system |
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Definition
| Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, anus |
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Term
| Main components of the: circulatory system |
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Definition
| heart, blood vessels, blood |
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Term
| Main components of the: respiratory system |
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Definition
| Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes |
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Term
| Main components of the: immune and lymphatic system |
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Definition
| Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells |
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Term
| Main components of the: excretory system |
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Definition
| kidneys, ureters, urinary bladders, urethra |
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Term
| Main components of the: endocrine system |
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Definition
| pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands |
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Term
| Main components of the: reproductive system |
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Definition
| Ovaries or testes and associated organs |
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Term
| Main components of the: nervous system |
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Definition
| brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs |
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Term
| Main components of the: integumentary system |
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Definition
| Skin and its derivatives (hair, claws, skin glands) |
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Term
| Main components of the: skeletal system |
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Definition
| bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage |
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Term
| Main components of the: muscular system |
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Definition
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Term
| 4 main categories of tissues |
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Definition
| epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous |
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Term
| 3 shapes of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| cuboidal (like dice), columnar (like bricks on end), or squamous (like floor tiles) |
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Term
| 3 arrangements of epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| simple (single cell layer), stratified (multiple tiers of cells), or pseudostratified (a single layer of cells of varying length) |
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Term
| 3 types of connective tissue fibers |
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Definition
collagenous fibers provide strength and flexibility, elastic fibers stretch and snap back to their
original length, reticular fibers join connective tissue to adjacent
tissues |
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Term
| The fibers and foundation of connective tissues combine to form four categories: |
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Definition
loose connective tissue (reticular connective tissue and adipose tissue), dense or fibrous connective tissue (tendons and ligaments), supporting connective tissue (bone and cartilage), fluid connective tissue (blood containing red and
white blood cells, and plasma as ECM) |
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Term
| How do animal regulators and conformers differ? |
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Definition
| A regulator uses internal control mechanisms to moderate internal change in the face of external, environmental fluctuation. A conformer allows its internal condition to vary with certain external changes |
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Term
| What is negative feedback in homeostasis? |
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Definition
Helps to return a variable to a
normal range, where buildup of the end product shuts the system off |
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Term
| Four types of heat exchange: |
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Definition
| radiation (heat transfer via infrared radiation), convection (heat transfer through a surrounding medium), conduction (heat transfer by direct contact), evaporation (heat transfer through evaporation of water from a surface) |
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Term
| Five adaptations that animals use for thermoregulation are- |
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Definition
| insulation (feathers, fur, blubber), circulatory adaptations (vasoconstriction/dilation), cooling by evaporating heat loss (sweating), behavioral responses, adjusting metabolic heat production (shivering) |
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Term
| What is the main factor in determining an organism's metabolic rate? |
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Definition
| Size (surface area:volume) |
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Term
| What constitutes organogenesis? |
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Definition
| As development proceeds, specialized organs and other structures form through the interacting effects of cell-cell signals, cell proliferation, cell movements, and differentiation |
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Term
| What are the physical components of sperm? |
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Definition
The head contains the nucleus and the enzyme-filled acrosome, the neck encloses a centriole that will fuse with a second centriole, contributed by the egg, to form the centrosome, the midpiece is packed with mitochondria, which produce
the ATP necessary for movement, the tail has a flagellum |
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Term
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Definition
cytoplasmic determinants, cortical granules (slow block), vitelline envelope, a fibrous, mat-like sheet of
glycoproteins, surrounds the egg (often with jelly layer) |
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Term
| What occurs during the acrosomal reaction? |
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Definition
| the acrosome at the tip of the sperm releases hydrolytic enzymes that digest material surrounding the egg. Gamete contact and/or fusion depolarizes the egg cell membrane and sets up a block to polyspermy |
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Term
| What occurs during the cortical reaction? |
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Definition
| Triggered by the release of calcium ions, seconds after the sperm binds to the egg, vesicles just beneath the egg plasma membrane release their contents and form a fertilization envelope |
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Term
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Definition
| High concentration of Calcium ions raises the metabolism (increases respiration rate). Then, sperm and egg nuclei merge and cell division begins |
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Term
| What is capacitation and where does it occur? |
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Definition
| Secretions in the mammalian female reproductive tract alter sperm motility and structure |
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Term
| What are the smaller cells called that are formed during cleavage when the egg's cytosol and its contents are divided? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does mammalian cleavage occur? |
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Definition
| In the oviduct (the tract between the ovary and uterus) |
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Term
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Definition
| a specialized blastula consisting of two populations of cells- the external, thin-walled hollow trophoblast surrounds the inner cell mass (ICM), which contains the cells that will gastrulate and become the embryo. |
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Term
| How is a placenta generated? |
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Definition
| After the blastocyst embeds in the uterine wall, a mixture of trophoblast and maternal cells form the placenta |
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Term
| At which pole of the blastula does gastrulation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The cavity formed in the blastula after the process of gastrulation |
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Term
| What are the steps of frog gastrulation? |
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Definition
| a group of cells on the dorsal side of the blastula begins to invaginate. This forms a crease along the region where the gray crescent formed.The part above the crease is called the dorsal lip. The cells continue to involute |
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Term
| What are the steps of gastrulation in chicks? |
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Definition
Prior to gastrulation, the embryo is composed of an upper and lower layer, the epiblast and hypoblast, respectively. During gastrulation, epiblast cells move toward the midline (becomes primitive streak)
of the blastoderm and then into the embryo toward the yolk. The hypoblast cells contribute to the sac that surrounds the yolk and a connection between the yolk and the embryo, |
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Term
| What are the steps of gastrulation in humans? |
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Definition
Following implantation, the trophoblast continues to
expand and a set of extraembryonic membranes is formed, which enclose specialized structures outside
of the embryo. Gastrulation involves the inward movement from
the epiblast, through a primitive streak |
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Term
| When is gastrulation complete? |
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Definition
| At the end of gastrulation, the three embryonic tissues are arranged in layers, the gut has formed, and the major body axes have become visible |
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Term
| How does a neural tube formed? |
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Definition
| Signals from the notochord trigger reorganization of the dorsal ectodermal cells, leading to neural plate and then neural tube formation |
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Term
| How/where do somites form? |
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Definition
Neural crest cells develop along the neural tube of vertebrates and form various parts of the embryo. Mesoderm lateral to the notochord forms blocks
called somites, which produce cells that become the vertebrae, ribs, muscles, and lower skin layer |
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