Phylum Mollusca

Class Gastropoda

Phylum Mollusca

Class Bivalvia

Phylum Mollusca

Class Cephalopoda

Phylum Mollusca

Class Scaphopoda

Phylum Mollusca

Class Polyplacaphora

ratation of visceral hump brings mantle cavity anteriorly

twisting of the visceral mass through a 180 degree rotation during development

foot becomes lobed

shell becomes reduced or is absent

C: Gastropoda

C: Bivalvia

C: Polyplacaphora

C: Scaphapoda

C: Cephalopoda

Organization

P:Mollusca

Development

P: Mollusca

Protostome

Triploblastic

Eucoelomate

Symmetry

P: Mollusca

Bilateral

Cephalization (reduced in Bivalvia)

Skeleton and Support

P:Mollusca

Locomotion

P: Mollusca

foot/tentacles

siphon/mantle

Nervous System

P:Mollusca

Central Nervous System

Highly developed brain in Cephalopods

Complex Sensory Organs

Digestion and Feeding

P: Mollusca

Complete digestive system

regional specialization

anus opens into mantle cavity

radula

gills modified for filter feeding

Excretion

P: Mollusca

Circulation

P: Mollusca

Respiriation

P: Mollusca

gills that form in Bivalvia

also used for feeding

Reproduction

P: Mollusca

mostly sexual

mononecious and dioecious

external and internal fertilization

Trocophore larvae (except Cephalopoda)

free swimming Veliger Larvae

P: Mollusca

C: Polyplacaphora

P: Mollusca

C: Scaohapoda

P: Mollusca

C: Polyplacaphora

S.C. Prosobranchia

S.C. Opisthobranchia

S.C. Pulmonata

"POP"

Incurrent and excurrent siphons

P: Mollusca

metameric segmentation

paired appendages on segments

double ventral nerve cord

cuticle

exoskeleton

jointed appendages

hemocoel

tagmosis

open circulatory system in arthropods

Classification

P: Arthropoda

S.P. Trilobita (extinct)

S.P. Chelicerata

S.P. Crustacea

S.P. Myriapoda

S.P. Hexapoda

Organization

P: Arthropoda

Development

P: Arthropoda

protostome

triploblastic

eucoelomate

Symmetry

P: Arthropoda

bilateral

cephalization

Skeleton and support

P: Arthropoda

Chitonous exoskeleton with jointed appendages

Locomotion

P: Arthropoda

jointed legs and other specialized appendages

abdominal flexion

Nervous System

P: Arthropoda

central nervous system

ganglion with ventral cord

Digestion and Feeding

P: Arthropoda

complete

regional specialization

wide range of feeding strategies

Excretion

P: Arthropoda

Circulation

P: Arthropoda

open circulatory system:

blood empties from vessels into sinuses to bathe organs and tissues and returns directly from the hemocoel to the pumping heart through the ostia

Respiration

P: Arthropoda

variable: book gills, book lungs, and tracheal systems

Chelicerata: book lungs (land), book gills (water)

Crustacea: book gills (even on land)

Reproduction

P: Arthropoda

C: Meristomata

C: Pcynogonia

C: Arachnida

Which class?

Extinct Sea Scorpions

Which class?

Horseshoe Crabs

Which class?

Sea Spiders

Which class?

Ticks, mites, scorpions, spiders, daddy long-legs

C: Branchipoda

C: Ostracoda

C: Copepoda

C: Cirripedia

C: Malacostraca

Which class?

Fairy shrimp and brine shrimp

Which class?

Seed Shrimp

Class Ostracoda

enclosed in bivalved carapace (looks like a seed!)

Which Class?

Have a large nauplius eye in the adult

Class Copepoda

(plankton)

Which class?

barnacle

Class Cirripedia

Which class?

lobsters, pill bugs, sow bugs, sand fleas, crayfish, crabs, and true shrimp

Which class?

Centipedes

Classes of Sub-Phylum Myriapoda

C: Chilopoda

C: Diplopoda

Which class?

Millipedes

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

waxy, waterproof cuticle (exoskeleton)

valved spiracles

Malphigian tubules

Why are insects so diverse?

1. short generation time
2. small size
3. metamorposis
4. winged adults
5. adaptions to terrestrial environments
6. sophisticated sensory system, behavior, and communication
7. co-evolutionary interactions between other organisms

Sub-Class  Apterygota

O: Thysanura (silverfish)

O: Collembola (springtail)

Division Exopterygota

(wings develop on the outside)

Division Endopterygota

(wings bud inside)

Hemimetabulous

Division Exopterygota

Holometabulous

Division Endopterygota

O: Odonata

O: Isoptera

O: Hemiptera

O: Homoptera

O: Orthoptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Exopterygota

O: Orthoptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Exopterygota

O: Isoptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Exopterygota

O: Odonata

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Exopterygota

O: Hemiptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Exopterygota

O: Homoptera

O: Diptera

O: Hymenoptera

O: Lepidoptera

O: Coleoptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pteryota

Div: Endopterygota

O: Coleoptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Endopterygota

O: Diptera

top pair of wings is modified into an armor-like covering

present in the Coleoptera

2nd pair of wings is reduced and used for balance

present in the Diptera

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Endopterygota

O: Hymenoptera

What is the classification of the butterflies and moths?

P: Arthropoda

SP: Hexapoda

C: Insecta

SC: Pterygota

Div: Endopterygota

O: Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera and Isoptera

• cooperative care of young
• overlapping generations
• polymorphism (caste system)

queen -> eggs -> fertilization -> females (diploid)

queen -> eggs -> no fertilization -> males (haploid)

Classification

P: Echinodermata

C: Asteroidea

C: Echinoidea

O: Holothuroidea

C: Crinoidea

C: Ophiuroidea

Organization

P: Echinodermata

Embryonic Development

P: Echinodermata

triploblastic

deutrerostome

eucoelomate

enterocoelous

intermediate radial clevage

Symmetry

P: Echinodermata

Larvae are bilateral

Adults are secondarily penta-radial

Holothuroidea-secondarily bilateral

Skeleton/ Support

P: Echinodermata

dermal endoskeleton

water vascular system

pedicellaria

ossicles

a system of coelomic canals and tube feet projections for multiple functions:

 locomotion, respiration, transport of food and wastes

Dermal Endoskeleton

P: Echinodermata

• composed of calcareous ossicles and is covered by epidermis
• endoskeleton allows for continuous growth and provides protection
• ossicles may fuse to form a test

Locomotion

P: Echinodermata

water vascular system

tube feet

arms in Crinoidea

Sensory/Nervous

P: Echinodermata

nerve ring with radial nerves in ambulacral ridge

ocelli in arms

chemosensory feet

Digestion/Feeding

P: Echinodermata

complete (no anus Ophiuroidea)

wide variety of feeding types

two stomahcs (cardiac=eversible, pyloric connects cardiac to the rest of the digestive system)

water vascular system: excretes wastes across walls of papulae

no osmoregulation

Circulation

P: Echinodermata

Respiration

P: Echinodermata

papulae and tube feet

Holothuroidea also use anus

Reproduction

P: Echinodermata

mostly dioecious with external fertilization

assexual fission

bipinnaria sea star larvae

Which class?

sea stars and star fish

Which class?

sea urchins and sand dollars

P: Echinodermata

C: Echinoidea

Which class?

brittle stars and basket stars

P: Echinodermata

C: Ophiuroidea

Which class?

sea lillies and feather stars

Which class?

sea cucmbers

P: Echinodermata

C: Holothuroidea

• notochord
• dorsal hollow nerve cord
• pharyngeal gill slits
• post anal tail
• pharyngeal endostyle/thyroid

• flexible rod-like structure
• serves as an axis for muscle attachment
• in jawed vertebrates, becomes the spinal column

• in vertebrates, anterioir end becomes enlarged to form the brain and the rest becomes the spinal cord

• in aquatic chordates, they become the gills
• in tetrapods, they become part of the throat and ear cavity

Pharyngeal Endostyle Characteristics

• ciliated grooves in floor of pharynx trap food
• present in protochordates amd lamprey larvae where the pharnx evolved as a filter-feeding apparatus
• is more derived in adult lamprey and vertebrates, homologous to thyroid

• facilitates mobility/propulsion in aquatic environments
• associated with somatic body structure

Classification

P: Chordata

SP: Urochordata

SP: Cephalochordata

SP: Vertebrata/Craniata

     C: Agnatha

     C: Chondrichthyes

     C: Osteichythes

     C: Amphibia

     C: Reptilia

     C: Aves

     C: Mammalia

Organization

P: Chordata

Symmetry

P: Chordata

Bilateral Larvae

Bilateral adults (except Uruchordata)

Embryonic Development

P: Chordata

triploblastic

deuterostome

intermediate, radial clevage

Skeleton

P: Chordata

Endoskeleton: bone, cartilage, or other

axial and appendicular skeletons

Locomotion

P:Chordata

complex muscle interactions

Sensory/Nervous

P: Chordata

dorsal hollow nerve cord

complex array of sensory organs

Digestion/Feeding

P: Chordata

Excretion/Osmoregulation

P: Chordata

Circulation

P: Chordata

closed system

2-4 chambered heart

hemoglobin in/on blood

Respiration

P: Chordata

gills, lungs, skin, air bladders

linked to circulatory system

Reproduction

P: Chordata

Mostly dioecious

external or internal

larval stages in some aquatic groups

oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous

P: Chordata

SP: Urochordata

Only as a tadpole larvae does ______exhibit all 5 Chordate characteristics

Which Class?

hagfish and lampreys

P: Chordata

SP: Craniata

C: Agnatha

C: Agnatha

• sucker-like oral disc
• no scales or paired appendages
• no stomach, only intestine

C: Agnatha

C: Chondrichthyes

C: Osteichythes

Which class?

sharks, skates, and rays

"the cartilaginous fishes"

P: Chordata

SP: Craniata

C: Chondrichthyes

assymetrical

present on C: Chonrichthyes

present in sharks

fluid filed sensory canals with tiny hair-like receptors to detect vibrations

present in sharks

for detection of weak electrical fields

Which class?

"the bony fishses"

symmetrical tail

present in Class Osteichythyes

adaption to locomotion in water for Osteichythes

muscle bands for powerful, controlled swimming

includes freshwater fishes

warer gain and salt loss can occur across the gills: kidneys pump out excess water and salt-absorbing cells in gills counteract salt loss

occurs in saltwater fishes

water loss and salt gain: "drink" seawater and salt secretory cells in gills

similar function but evolved independantly

(like insect wings)

"remnants" of once functional ancestral structures

(Exampl: the human appendix, tail bone, goose bumps)

Which class?

amphibians, toads, salmanders

C: Amphibia

C: Reptilia

allows reporduction away from water

birds, reptiles, and mammals have amniotic eggs

Which Class?

lizards, snakes, turtles, alligators, and crocodiles

C: Agnatha

C: Amphibia

C: Reptilia

C: Aves

C: Mammalia

C: Aves

C: Mammalia

***crocadillians from Class Reptilia have a 4-chambered heart as well***

adaption to burrowing

variety of feeding types: swallow live prey, constrict prey, venemous

• lightweight bony skeleton with air cavities
• 4 limbs with forelimbs modified into wings
• in most species, femal only have left ovary in order to reduce weight

Which of the major Eukaryotic taxa includes the ciliates?

A. Excavata

B. Alveolata

C. Unikonts

D. Animalia

E. Fungi

The Plasmodium body form is a characteristic of which of the following?

A. Sponge

B. Ameoba

C. Nematoda

D. Slime Mold

E. Mollusca

The opening through which water exits the sponge

A. Ostium

B. Mesohyl

C. Nematocyt

D. Osculum

E. Spongoceal

Which larval type is typical to the Cnidarians?

A. Planula

B. Velliger

C. Trochophore

D. Nauplius

E. Bipinnaria

Which of the following is not a feeding structure?

A. Lophophore

B. Choanocytes

C. Mandible

D. Corona

E. Mesohyl

The structure used to attach a cestode to its host is known as

A. Rostellum

B. Proglotidd

C. Madreporite

D. Sucker

E. Ossicle

The Rhyanchocoel is a characteristic of which phylum?

A. Nematophora

B. Nemertina

C. Acanthocephala

D. Rotifera

E. Arthropoda

Which of the following phyla has a pseudocoel?

A. Porifera

B. Nematoda

C. Mollusca

D. Cnidarie

E. Platyhelminthes

Circular and longitudinal muscles can compress the body cavity in several phyla to form the

A. gut

B. Siphon

C. Hydrostatic skeleton

D. lung

C. tentacle

Torsion is typical of which class of Mollusca?

A. Gastropoda

B. Bivalvia

C. Scaphapoda

D. Cephalopoda

E. Polyplacaphora

Torsion refers to which of the following?

A. coiling of the shell

B. reduction of the shell

C. development of tentacles

D. development of segments

E. twisting of the body cavity

A filter-feeding mollusk is most likely a member of which class?

A. Gastropoda

B. Bivalvia

C. Cephalopoda

D. Scaphapoda

E. Polyplacaphora

A land-living snail would be a memeber of which sub-class?

A. Ophisthobranchia

B. Pulmonata

C. Scaphapoda

D. Polychaeta

E. Nudibranchia

The shell of the mollusk is secreted by which structure?

A. Mantle

B. Siphon

C. Pen

D. Mantle Cavity

E. Gill

Arthropoda are most closely relates to which of the following?

A. Nematoda

B. Annelida

C. Onycophora

D. Platyhelmithes

E. Rotifera

Cryptobiosis is a characteristic of which of the following?

A. Tardigrada

B. Onycophora

C. Chelicerata

D. Asteroidea

E. Polyplacaphora

Which extant class of Arthropoda lack mandibles?

A. Trilobita

B. Hexapoda

C. Crustacea

D. Chelicerata

E. Myripoda

The fusion and specialization of metameres is known as

A. Cephalization

B. Segmentation

C. Diffusion

D. Tagmosis

E. Complete Development

Which group of Crustacea are sessile filter feeders as adults?

A. Malacostraca

B. Cirripedia

C. Diplopoda

D. Ostracopa

E. Copepoda

The juvenille stage of the grasshopper is known as

A. Nauplius

B. Pupa

C. Larvae

D. Nymph

E. Chiton

Gas exchange in adult insects is carried through

A. book lungs

B. book gills

C. gills

D. Trachea

E. lungs

Which phylum has secondarily evolved radial symmetry?

A. Cnidaria

B. Ctenophora

C. Echinodermata

D. Urochordata

E. Porifera

Which of the following is NOT a part of the Echinodermata water vascular system?

A. Madreporite

B. Stone canal

C. Radial Canal

D. Aristotle's Lattern

E. Tube Feet

Which class of Echinodermata are stalked filter feeders?

A. Asteroidea

B. Holothuroidea

C. Ophiuroidea

D. Crinoidea

E. Echinoidea

The gas exchange structues of Echinoderms are

A. Pedicellaria

B. papullae

C. trachea

D. Spiracles

E. Ossicles

Which of the following is not one of the 5 characteristics of the phylum Chordata?

a. ventral nerve cord

b. pharyngeal gill slits

c. notochord

d. endostyle/thyroid

e. post-anal tail

How many gill slits are present in lampreys?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 5

e. 7

In most vertebrates, the first 2 gill arches are modified to become

a. lungs

b. skull

c. jaws

d. larynx

e. ribs

Which of the following is a part of the appendicular skeleton?

a. vertebrae

b. rib

c. skull

d. femur

e. mandible 

An organism that has internal fertilization and then holds its offspring inside the female until hatching with no placenta or other direct source of nutrition from the mother is said to be...

a. amniotic

b. placental

c. ovoviviparous

d. viviparous

e. oviparous

One idea is that vertebrates may have evolved from a urochordate-like ancestor through the evolutionary process called...

a. cephalization

b. paedomorphosis

c. metamorphosis

d. tagmosis

Which chordate characteristic is present in adult Urochordata?

a. gill slits/arches

b. post anal tail

c. dorsal hollow nerve cord

d. notochord

e. planula larvae

How many chambers in the heart of a lamprey?

a. 1

b. 2

c. 3

d. 4

e. 5

How many chambers in the heart of a shark?

How many chambers in the heart of a snake?

How many chambers in the heart of an alligator?

Which group of fish is most closely related to the tetrapods?

a. Agnatha

b. Chondrichthyes

c. Sarcopterygii

d. Actinopterygii

e. Osteiochythes

Which group of tetrapods has the pectoral girdle located inside of the rib cage?

a. Aves (birds)

b. Anura (frogs and toads)

c. Squamata (snakes and lizards)

d. Crocodillia

e. testudines (turtles)

Annelida differ from Arthropds in which of the following ways?

a. segmentation

b. having both ectoparasitic and free-living taxa

c. having filter-feeding taxa

d. having a closed circulatory system

e. having metameres

The front segment of the Polychaeta is known as the

a. peristomium

b. prostomium

c. pygidium

d. parapodium

e. notopodium

Which system is not segmented in the Annelida?

a. nervous

b. circulatory

c. digestive

d. excretory

e. muscular

The Hirudinea differ from the Oligochaeta is which of the following ways?

a. Hirudinea lack internal septa

b. Hirudinea are ectoparasites/predators

c. Hirudinea have a short intestine

d. Hirudinea have suckers

e. all of the above

Which of the following groups was formerly considered its own phylum and is now part of the Annelida and is commonly found associated with deep sea vents?

a. Pogonophora

b. Echiura

c. Acanthocephala

d. Nemertina

e. Cirripedia

Which class of the Echinodermata have a madreporite on the oral surface?

Chrometaphores are particualarly well-developed in which class of Mullusca?

What is the function of the chrometaphores?

The term lemmelibranch refers to...

What shared feature of Arthropoda and Tetrapoda allows for the use of antagonistic muscles?

a. exokeleton

b. endoskeleton

c. segmentation

d. jaw-like structures

e. jointed appendages

Archaea

Eukaryote

Bacteria

Ciliates

Apicocomplexa (Sporozoan)

Dinoflagellates

Platyhelminthines

Rotifera

Mollusca

Annelida

Nematoda

Arthropoda