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Animal Development
Chapter 47
43
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/08/2015

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Term
acromosal reaction
Definition
the discharge of hydrolytic enzymes from the acrosome, a vesicle in the tip of the sperm, when the sperm approaches or contacts an egg
Term
acrosome
Definition
a vesicle in the tip of the sperm containing hydrolytic enzymes and other proteins that help the sperm reach the egg
Term
fast block to polyspermy
Definition
the depolarization of the egg plasma membrane that begins within 1-3 seconds after a sperm binds to an egg membrane protein. the depolarization last about a min to prevent additiona sperm from fusing with the egg during that time
Term
slow block to polyspermy
Definition
the formation of the fertilization envelop and other changes in an egg's surface to prevent fusion of the egg with more than one sperm it begins about one minute after fertilization
Term
cortical granules
Definition
a structure formed by the egg's extracellular matrix
Term
cortical reaction
Definition
lifts the vitelline layer away from the egg and hardens the layer into a protective fertilization envelope
Term
zona pellucida
Definition
the extracellular matrix of an egg
Term
cleavage
Definition
the succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryotic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells
Term
blastula
Definition
a hollow ball of cells that mark the end of the cleavage stage during early embriotic development in animals
Term
yolk
Definition
nutrients stored in an egg
Term
vegetal pole
Definition
the point at the end of an egg in the hemisphere where most yolk is concentrated
Term
animal pole
Definition
the point at the end of an egg in the hemisphere where the least yolk is concentrated
Term
holoblastic
Definition
a type of cleavagein which their is complete division of the egg; occurs in eggs with little yolk like the sea urchinsos a moderate amount of yolk such as the frog
Term
meroblastic
Definition
reffering to a type of cleavage in which there is incomplete division of a yolk-rich  egg, characteristic of avian development
Term
gastrulation
Definition
in animal development, a series of cell and tissue movements in which the blastula-stage embryo folds inward, producing a three layered embryo, the gastrula
Term
gastrula
Definition
an embriotic stage in animal development encompassing the formation of three layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Term
germ layer
Definition
one of the three main layers in the gastrula that will form the various tissues and organs of an animal body
Term
ectoderm
Definition
the outermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; gies rise to the outer covering and, in some phyla, the nervous system, the inner ear, and the lens of the eye
Term
endoderm
Definition
the innermost of the three primary germ layers in animal embryos; lines the archenteron and gives rise to the liver, pancreas, lungs and the lining of the digestive tract in species that have these structures.
Term
mesoderm
Definition
the middle primary germ layer in the triploblastic animal embryo; develops into the notochord, the lining of the coelom, muscles, skeleton, gonads, kidneys, and most of the circulatory system in species that have these structures
Term
invagination
Definition
the infolding of a sheet of cells into the embryo
Term
blastopore
Definition
in the gastrula, the opening of the archenteron that typically develops into the anus in deuterostomes and the mouth in protostomes
Term
primitive  streak
Definition
a thickening along the future anterior-posterior axis on the surface of an early avian or mammalian embryo, caused by a piling up of cells as they congregate at the midline before moving into the embryo
Term
blastocyst
Definition
the blastula stage of the mammalian embryonic development, consisting of the inner cell mass, a cavity, and an outer layer, the trophoblast. In humans it forms one week after fertilization
Term
inner cell mass
Definition
an inner cluster of cells at one end of the mammalian blastocyst that subsequently develops into the embryo proper and some of the etraembryonic membranes
Term
trophoblast
Definition
the outer epithelium of a mammailan blastocyst, it forms the fetal part of the placenta, supporting embryonic development but not forming part of the embryo proper
Term
extraembrionic membranes
Definition
one of four membranes (yolk sac, amnion, chorion, and allantois) located outside the embryo that support the developing embryo in reptiles and mammals
Term
amniotes
Definition
mammals and reptiles including birds
Term
amnion
Definition
one of the extraembryonic memebranes that contain fluid for the embryo
Term
allantois
Definition
disposes of wastes in the reptilian egg, is incorporated in the umbilical cord in mammals
Term
chorion
Definition
the sire of gas exchange
Term
notochord
Definition
a rod that extends along the dorsal side of the chordate embryo
Term
induction
Definition
a process in which a group of cells or tissues influence the developmet or another group through close range interactions
Term
neural tube
Definition
a tube of infolded ectodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a vertebrate, just dorsal to the notochord. it will give rise to the central nervous system
Term
somites
Definition
one of the series of blocks of mesoderm that exist in pairs just lateral to the notochord in a vertebrate embryo
Term
converget extension
Definition
a rearrangement that causes a sheet of cells  to become narrower(converge) while it becomes longer(extends)
Term
cell adhesion molecules
Definition
play a key role in cell migration by promoting interaction between pairs of cells
Term
fate maps
Definition
diaphrams showing the structures arising from each region of an embryo
Term
totipotent
Definition
the two blastomeres of a frog can each develop into all the different cell types of the species
Term
pattern formation
Definition
the process governing the arragements of tissues and organs in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space
Term
positional formation
Definition
molecule cues that control pattern formation, tell a cell where it is with respect to animal's body axes and help to determine how the cell and its descendants will respond to molecule signaling
Term
apical ectodermal ridge (AER)
Definition
a thicken area of ectoderm at the tip of the bud. secretes a protein signal called fibroblast groth factor that promotes the limb-bud outgrowth
Term
zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)
Definition
a specialized block of mesodermal tissue, regulates development along anterior-posterior axis of the limb
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