Term
| Do all cells have almost the same genetic material? |
|
Definition
| 1) All cells have the same genetic material, however the specificity and differentiation of different cell type is primarily due to different cells required for different functions within the body. |
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Term
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a __________.
The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Only the __________ cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ stem cells are the most versatile of the stem cell types. |
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Definition
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Term
When a sperm cell and an egg cell unite, they form a one-celled fertilized egg.
This cell is __________, meaning it has the potential to give rise to any and all human cells, such as the brain, liver, blood, or heart cells. |
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Definition
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Term
A __________ stem cell can even give rise to an entire functional organism.
The first few cells divisions in embryonic development produce more __________ cells.
After four days of embryonic cell division, the cells begin to specialize into __________ stem cells. |
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Definition
1) Totipotent
2) Totipotent
3) Pluripotent |
|
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Term
| __________ stem cells are like totipotent stem cells in that they can give rise to all tissue types. |
|
Definition
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Term
Unlike totipotent cells, __________ stem cells cannot give rise to an entire organism.
On the fourth day of development, the embryo forms into two layers, an outer layer which will become the __________ and an inner mass which will form the __________ of the developing human body. |
|
Definition
1) Pluripotent
2) Placenta
3) Tissues |
|
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Term
| The inner __________ stem cells, although they can form nearly any human tissue, cannot do so without the outer layer. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| __________ stem cells are less plastic and more differentiated stem cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ stem cells give rise to a limited range of cells within a tissue type. |
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Definition
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Term
The offspring of the __________ cells become the progenitors of such cell lines as blood cells, skin cells, and nerve cells.
At these stages, the stem cells are __________. |
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Definition
1) Pluripotent
2) Multipotent |
|
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Term
| __________ stem cells can become one of several types of cells within a given organ. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is the process in which certain cells become biochemically and structurally specialized to carry out specific functions. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ __________ is a series of molecular events in which the activities of certain genes are altered in ways that cause a cell to progressively commit to a particular differentiation pathway. |
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Definition
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Term
| The __________ __________ __________ __________ states that the nuclei of virtually all differentiated cells of an animal contain the same genetic information present in the zygote, but each cell type expresses a different subset of that information. |
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Definition
| 1) Principle of Nuclear Equivalence |
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Term
| __________ __________ is a series of steps requiring signaling between cells, changes in the shapes of certain cells, precise cell migrations, interactions with the extracellular matrix, and even apoptosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| __________ is the development of form. |
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Definition
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Term
With what stage would you associate totipotent cells?
a. Blastocyst
b. Morula
c. Gastrula
d. Neurula |
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Definition
|
|
Term
With what stage would you associate pluripotent cells?
a. Blastocyst
b. Morula
c. Gastrula
d. Neurula |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some important genetic consequences of fertilization? |
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Definition
| 1) If the zygote was not diploid, then the genetic material would continue to accumulate without divisions. |
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Term
1. Contact and Recognition
a. Structure of Egg
The human egg consists of an oocyte surrounded by a plasma membrane, the __________ __________ (thick acellular layer), and the __________ __________ (layer of smaller cells).
The starfish egg consists of an oocyte surrounded by a plasma membrane and two acellular layers (the very thin inner layer is the __________ __________; the outside thicker layer of glycoproteins is called the __________ __________). |
|
Definition
1) Zona pelluicda
2) Corona radiata
3) Vitelline envelope
4) Jelly coat |
|
|
Term
| The vitelline membrane and jelly coat are analogous to the __________ __________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
The head of the sperm consists of the __________ and a cap, called an __________, which contains digestive enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg.
The head of the sperm is primarily responsible for the __________ __________. |
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Definition
1) Nucleus
2) Acrosome
3) Acrosomal reaction |
|
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Term
| The midline of the sperm contains the __________ which provides energy for the movement of the flagellum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The flagellum of the sperm exhibits the typical eukaryotic __________ arrangement for flagella. |
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Definition
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|
Term
1. Contact and Recognition
b. Capacitation
This process occurs in __________ only.
The sperm is (active/not active) as it is released.
Capacitation refers to the changes:
-(Increased/decreased) rate of metabolism
-Sperm motility
-Change in __________ (type of protein)
-Proacrosin converted to __________.
The process is triggered by secretions from the (male/female) reproductive tract.
In humans sperm become active about __________ hours after the release. |
|
Definition
1) Mammals
2) Not active
3) Increased
4) Glycoproteins
5) Acrosin
6) Female
7) Six |
|
|
Term
1. Contact and Recognition
c. Acrosomal Reaction
Sea Urchin:
-Sperm contacts the __________ __________ and membranes surrounding the acrosome fuse.
-__________ ions from the sea water move into the acrosome.
-Acrosome then releases __________ enzymes that digest a path through the jelly coat to the vitelline envelope of the egg.
-__________ is a species-specific binding protein located on the acrosome which adheres to specific-specific bindin receptors located on the egg's __________ __________.
Mammals:
-Acrosomal reaction follows __________.
-Bindin receptors on the zona pellcia are __________ __________. |
|
Definition
1) Jelly coat
2) Calcium
3) Proteolytic
4) Bindin
5) Vitelline envelope
6) Capacitation
7) Glycoprotein ZP3 |
|
|
Term
| Where do you expect to see bindin receptors in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
2. Regulating Sperm Entry
a. Fast Block to Polyspermy
-__________ of the egg plasma membrane (opening of __________ channels).
-Takes 1-3 seconds and lasts about 1 minute after __________ occurs.
-During __________ no additional sperm can fuse with the egg. |
|
Definition
1) Depolarization
2) Na+
3) Repolarization
4) Depolarization |
|
|
Term
2. Regulating Sperm Entry
b. Slow Block to Polyspermy (__________ __________)
-__________ of oocyte membrane causes __________ ions to be released into the cytosol.
-This causes thousand of __________ __________ to release enzymes (via __________) into the space between the oocytes and the vitelline envelope (__________ space).
-The increase in osmotic pressure causes water to enter the __________ space enlarging (widening) it.
-The vitelline envelope hardens, forming the __________ __________.
-This block requires about one to several minutes to complete but it is a complete and permanent block.
-In __________, fertilization envelope does not form, but the enzymes released during exocytosis of the cortical granules alter the sperm receptors on the egg's __________ __________ so that no additional sperm bind to them. |
|
Definition
1) Cortical reaction
2) Depolarization
3) Ca2+
4) Cortical granules
5) Exocytosis
6) Perivitelline
7) Perivitelline
8) Fertilization envelope
9) Mammals
10) Zona pelucida |
|
|
Term
3. Egg Activation
-Release of __________ ions into the egg cytoplasm also activates the egg.
-This activation includes increased __________ __________ and completion of (meiosis I/meiosis II) forming the egg nucleus. |
|
Definition
1) Calcium
2) Protein synthesis
3) Meiosis II |
|
|
Term
4. Fusion of the Nuclei
-The sperm nucleus swells and forms the male __________.
-The nucleus formed during completion of __________ in the egg becomes the female pronucleus.
-Then the egg and sperm nuclei fuse forming the __________. |
|
Definition
1) Pronucleus
2) Meiosis
3) Zygote |
|
|
Term
| Where does the bulk of the cytoplasm for the zygote come from? |
|
Definition
| 1) The bulk of the cytoplasm found within the zygote primarily comes from the large egg. |
|
|
Term
Cleavage
-Series of rapid mitotic division with period of (growth/no growth) during each cell cycle.
-Repeated divisions increase the number of cells, called __________ that make up the embryo.
-Blastomeres are (differentiated/undifferentiated).
-The morula is a (solid/hollow) ball of cells (32-64)
-The blastula is a (solid/hollow) ball of cells (64-several hundred) with a fluid filled cavity called the __________. |
|
Definition
1) No growth
2) Blastomeres
3) Undifferentiated
4) Solid
5) Hollow
6) Blastocoel |
|
|
Term
__________ is a mixture of proteins, phospholipids, and fats that serve as food for the developing embryo.
The pattern of cleavage is affected by the amount of __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Classification of Eggs By:
Amount of Yolk:
__________ is a small amount of yolk.
__________ is a moderate amount of yolk.
__________ is a large amount of yolk.
Distribution of Yolk:
__________ is when the yolk is uniformly distributed throughout the embryo.
__________ is when yolk is concentrated at one end of the cell, known as the __________ pole; the opposite, more metabolically active pole is the __________ pole. |
|
Definition
1) Microlecithal
2) Mesolecithal
3) Macrolecithal
4) Isolecithal
5) Telolecithal
6) Vegetal
7) Animal |
|
|
Term
Yolk and Cleavage Patterns
-__________ is a cleavage pattern in which the entire embryo cleaves; characteristic of microlecithal and mesolecithal eggs.
-__________ __________ is a cleavage pattern in which the entire embryo cleaves at the same rate, resulting in equal sized blastomeres; it is a characteristic of isolecithal eggs.
-__________ __________ is a cleavage pattern in which the entire embryo cleaves; but the division of the vegetal hemisphere is slowed down by the presence of yolk; as a result, there are larger numbers of smaller cells at the animal pole and smaller numbers of larger cells at the vegetal pole; it is characteristic of moderately telolecithal eggs.
-__________ is a cleavage pattern in which cleavage is restricted to a small disc of cytoplasm (__________) at the pole; it is a characteristic of macrolecithal, telolecithal eggs. |
|
Definition
1) Holoblastic
2) Equal holoblastic
3) Unequal holoblastic
4) Meroblastic
5) Blastodisc |
|
|
Term
| (Mosaic/regulative) development is largely a consequence of the unequal distribution of important materials in the cytoplasm of the zygote. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Mosaic/regulative) development is when cytoplasmic developmental determinants portioned out to each new cells during cleavage may be different. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Mosaic/regulative) development is when each blastomere has limited developmental potency and hence if you separate or lose 1 cell at the 4 cell stage it will result in a defective organism with 3/4 of the form developing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Mosaic/regulative) development results in a homogeneous distribution of cytoplasm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Mosaic/regulative) development is when individual cells produced by the cleavage divisions are equivalent, thus allowing the embryo to develop as a self-regulating whole. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (Mosaic/regulative) development is when each blastomere is capable of producing a single embryo and hence if there is damage to the cells during an early stage (4 cell stage) the entire organism can still form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cytoplasmic Determinants in Frogs
-Fertilization in the amphibian egg causes a shift of some of the ___________ cytoplasm.
-These cytoplasmic movements can be easily followed because the egg (cortex/medulla) contains (light/dark) pigment granules.
-A crescent-shaped region of underlying lighter-colored (___________ - this is a color) cytoplasm becomes evident directly opposite the point on the cell where the sperm penetrated the egg.
-This ___________ ___________ is thought to contain factors and other developmental determinants. |
|
Definition
1) Cortical
2) Cortex
3) Dark
4) Gray
5) Gray crescent |
|
|
Term
Cleavage in Birds
-The ___________ is a small disc of cytoplasm on the upper surface of the egg yolk.
-Splits into two tissue layers: an upper ___________ and a lower ___________, separated by the blastocoel. |
|
Definition
1) Blastodisc
2) Epiblast
3) Hypoblast |
|
|
Term
| Anywhere from 64 to several hundred blastomeres form the ___________, which is usually a (solid/hollow) with a fluid filled cavity called the ___________. |
|
Definition
1) Blastula
2) Hollow
3) Blastocoel |
|
|
Term
| In blastulation, the blastocoel becomes ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The human embryo implants into the endometrium at the ___________ stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ is the process by which the blastula becomes a three-layered embryo, or ___________. |
|
Definition
1) Gatrulation
2) Gastrula |
|
|
Term
| What does the blastopore become in protosomes? In deuterostomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Gastrulation in Frogs
-Invagination at the ___________ pole is obstructed by large, yolk-laden cells.
-Cells from the ___________ pole move down over yolk-rich cells and invaginate, forming the ___________ ___________ of the blastopore. |
|
Definition
1) Vegetal
2) Animal
3) Dorsal lip |
|
|
Term
Gastrulation in Birds
-The ___________ ___________ is the functional equivalent of the blastopore.
-The ___________ ___________ is where invagination occurs.
-In birds, there is no ___________. |
|
Definition
1) Primitive groove
2) Primitive streak
3) Archenteron |
|
|
Term
| ___________ is the process of organ formation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The notochord, brain, and spinal cord are among the first organs to develop through the process of ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and sense organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and its associated structures (nails, hair, etc.)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the notochord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the skeleton (bone and cartilage)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the circulatory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the excretory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the reproductive system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the inner layer of skin (dermis)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the outer layers of digestive tube and of structures that develop from it, such as part of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive tube and of structures that develop form it, such as the lining of the respiratory system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ is one of the first identifiable structures in development; it arises from the mesoderm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The notochord releases some chemicals that induce the overlying _________ (germ layer) to thicken and differentiate into the _________ _________. |
|
Definition
1) Ectoderm
2) Neural plate |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the neural plate undergo changes in shape that cause the central cells of the neural plate to move down wards and form a depression called the _________ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cells flanking the neural groove on each side form the _________ _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The neural folds move towards each other and joint to form the hollow _________ _________ which will give rise to the brain and spinal cord and motor neurons. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bits of nervous tissue near the neural tube form the _________ _________; this tissue will form the teeth, part of the skull, sensory neurons, schwann cells, and the adrenal medulla. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a full layer of _________ which covers the neural tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ are blocks of mesoderm which form on either side of the neural tube; they will give rise to vertebrae and muscles of the body axis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ becomes cushioning for the vertebrae. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the brain, spinal cord, and motor neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the teeth and part of the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to sensory neurons, schwann cells, and the adrenal medulla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ happens because of an error during organogenesis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ _________ is a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In terrestrial vertebrates, what are the four extraembryonic membranes that the three germ layers give rise to? |
|
Definition
1) Chorion
2) Amnion
3) Allantois
4) Yolk sac |
|
|
Term
Chorion
-Derived from _________ and _________
-Used in _________ _________. |
|
Definition
1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Gas exchange |
|
|
Term
Amnion
-Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the _________.
-Derived from _________ and _________.
-Keeps embryo moist
-Acts as a _________ _________. |
|
Definition
1) Embryo
2) Ectoderm
3) Mesoderm
4) Shock absorber |
|
|
Term
Allantois
-Derived from _________ and _________.
-Stores _________ wastes. |
|
Definition
1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Nitrogenous |
|
|
Term
Yolk Sac
-Derived from _________ and _________
-Makes food available to the embryo. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Fertilization
-Occurs in the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Cleavage
-Takes place as the embryo is moved down the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Blastocyst
-Develops in the _________.
-Implants into the _________.
-The _________ cell layer is the trophoblast which gives rise to the _________ and _________.
-The _________ cell mass is the proper embryo. |
|
Definition
1) Uterus
2) Endometrium
3) Outer
4) Chorion
5) Amnion
6) Embryo |
|
|
Term
| About _________ days after fertilization, the blastocyst drifts to an appropriate site along the uterine wall and begins to implant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About _________ days after fertilization, the chorion has formed from the trophoblast. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After _________ days, the maternal blood vessels provide the embryo with oxygen and nutrients. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At about _________ days, the embryo and its membranes together are about the size of a Ping-Pong ball, and the mother still may be unaware of pregnancy.
The _________ filled with fluid surrounds and cushions the embryo.
The _________ _________ has been incorporated into the umbilical cord. |
|
Definition
1) 45
2) Amnion
3) Yolk sac |
|
|
Term
| The placenta develops from both the _________ of the embryo and the uterine tissue of the mother. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The _________ provides nutrients and oxygen for the fetus and removes wastes which the mother then excretes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The placenta also functions as an endocrine organ that secretes _________ and _________ to maintain pregnancy. |
|
Definition
1) Estrogen
2) Progesterone |
|
|
Term
| The _________ _________ connects the embryo to the placenta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| About _________ after fertilization, the trophoblastic cells of the placenta release _________ which signals the _________ _________ that pregnancy has begun. |
|
Definition
1) 10
2) hCG
3) Corpus luteum |
|
|
Term
| hCG secretions begin about the time of _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ hours the embryo reaches the two-cell stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ days the morula reaches the uterus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ days the blastocyst begins to implant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ weeks the notochord and neural plate are formed; tissue that will give rise to the heart is differentiating; blood cells are forming in the yolk sac and chorion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ weeks the neural tube is forming; the primordial eyes and ears are visible; pharyngeal pouches are forming; liver bud differentiating; respiratory system and thyroid gland just beginning to develop; heart tubes fuse, bend, and begin to beat; blood vessels are laid down. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ weeks limb buds appear; three primary divisions of the brain begin to form. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ months the muscles are differentiating; embryo capable of movement; gonad distinguishable as testis or ovary; bones begin to ossify; cerebral cortex differentiating; principal blood vessels assume final positions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ months the sex can be determined by external inspection; notochord degenerates; lymph glands develop. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ months the face begins looking human; lobs of the cerebrum differentiate; eyes, ears, and nose appear more normal. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the _________ trimester downy hairs cover the fetus and are later shed; neuron myelination begins; tremendous growth of the body is evident. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At about _________ days the baby is born |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ twins are when cells of the 2 celled embryo separate and each cell develops into a complete organism. |
|
Definition
| 1) Monozygotic (identical) |
|
|
Term
| _________ twins have an identical set of genes. |
|
Definition
| 1) Monozygotic (identical) |
|
|
Term
| _________ twins are very rare and occur when two inner cell masses do not completely separate and thus give rise to conjoined twins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ twins are physically attached and share one or more body parts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ twins occur when two eggs are ovulated and each is fertilized by a different sperm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________ twins are when individuals are not identical and may not even be of the same sex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_________ refers to the condition in which more than one sperm enters the egg.
a. Polyspermy
b. Acrosomy
c. Syngamy
d. Capacitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The stage where blastomeres divide differentially depending on the distribution and amount of yolk present is called:
a. Capcitation
b. Syngamy
c. Fertilization
d. Blastulation
e. Cleavage
f. Gastrulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Changes that must take place in the sperm to make it fertile is referred to as _________.
a. Polyspermy
b. Capcitation
c. Progressive motility
d. Fertilization
e. None of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
If the cells of a young embryo can be separated and each cell develops into a complete embryo, the development is said to be _________.
a. Mosaic
b. Regulative
c. Determinate
d. Meroblastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The human embryo implants into the endometrium at the _________ stage.
a. Gastrula
b. Blastula
c. Morula
d. Neurulation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
at the four cell stage, if I remove one of the cells and the organism develops with a missing part the development is:
a. Mosaic
b. Regulative |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arrange the following in proper order:
1. Sperm binds to the egg
2. Fertilization membrane forms
3. Increased calcium ions
4. Cortical reaction
5. Acrosomal reaction
a. 1,5,3,4,2
b. 1,4,3,5,2
c. 2,3,4,5,1,
d. 1,2,3,4,5,
e. 1,5,4,3,2 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The cavity of the developing gut that forms during gastrulation is known as the:
a. Archenteron
b. Blastopore
c. Blastocoel
d. Primitive streak
e. Primitive groove |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
_________ are blocks of mesoderm which form on either side of the neural tube; they will give rise to vertebrae and muscles of the body axis.
a. Somites
b. Blastomeres
c. Neural plates
d. Notochord |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Answer using the following choices:
a. Chorion
b. Amnion
c. Allantois
d. Yolk sac
1. _________ makes food available to the embryo.
2. _________ stores nitrogenous wastes
3. _________ used in gas exchange
4. _________ keeps embryo moist and acts as a shock absorber. |
|
Definition
1) d. Yolk sac
2) c. Allantois
3) a. Chorion
4) b. Amnion |
|
|
