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Animal Development OBSR
Animal Development OBSR Class 7
126
Biology
Undergraduate 2
04/08/2011

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Term
Do all cells have almost the same genetic material?
Definition
1) All cells have the same genetic material, however the specificity and differentiation of different cell type is primarily due to different cells required for different functions within the body.
Term
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells originate as inner mass cells within a __________.
The stem cells can become any tissue in the body, excluding a __________.
Definition
1) Blastocyst
2) Placenta
Term
Only the __________ cells are totipotent, able to become all tissues and a placenta.
Definition
1) Morula
Term
__________ stem cells are the most versatile of the stem cell types.
Definition
1) Totipotent
Term
When a sperm cell and an egg cell unite, they form a one-celled fertilized egg.
This cell is __________, meaning it has the potential to give rise to any and all human cells, such as the brain, liver, blood, or heart cells.
Definition
1) Totipotent
Term
A __________ stem cell can even give rise to an entire functional organism.
The first few cells divisions in embryonic development produce more __________ cells.
After four days of embryonic cell division, the cells begin to specialize into __________ stem cells.
Definition
1) Totipotent
2) Totipotent
3) Pluripotent
Term
__________ stem cells are like totipotent stem cells in that they can give rise to all tissue types.
Definition
1) Pluripotent
Term
Unlike totipotent cells, __________ stem cells cannot give rise to an entire organism.
On the fourth day of development, the embryo forms into two layers, an outer layer which will become the __________ and an inner mass which will form the __________ of the developing human body.
Definition
1) Pluripotent
2) Placenta
3) Tissues
Term
The inner __________ stem cells, although they can form nearly any human tissue, cannot do so without the outer layer.
Definition
1) Pluripotent
Term
__________ stem cells are less plastic and more differentiated stem cells.
Definition
1) Multipotent
Term
__________ stem cells give rise to a limited range of cells within a tissue type.
Definition
1) Multipotent
Term
The offspring of the __________ cells become the progenitors of such cell lines as blood cells, skin cells, and nerve cells.
At these stages, the stem cells are __________.
Definition
1) Pluripotent
2) Multipotent
Term
__________ stem cells can become one of several types of cells within a given organ.
Definition
1) Multipotent
Term
__________ __________ is the process in which certain cells become biochemically and structurally specialized to carry out specific functions.
Definition
1) Cell differentiation
Term
__________ __________ is a series of molecular events in which the activities of certain genes are altered in ways that cause a cell to progressively commit to a particular differentiation pathway.
Definition
1) Cell determination
Term
The __________ __________ __________ __________ states that the nuclei of virtually all differentiated cells of an animal contain the same genetic information present in the zygote, but each cell type expresses a different subset of that information.
Definition
1) Principle of Nuclear Equivalence
Term
__________ __________ is a series of steps requiring signaling between cells, changes in the shapes of certain cells, precise cell migrations, interactions with the extracellular matrix, and even apoptosis.
Definition
1) Pattern formation
Term
__________ is the development of form.
Definition
1) Morphogenesis.
Term
With what stage would you associate totipotent cells?
a. Blastocyst
b. Morula
c. Gastrula
d. Neurula
Definition
1) Morula
Term
With what stage would you associate pluripotent cells?
a. Blastocyst
b. Morula
c. Gastrula
d. Neurula
Definition
1) Blastocyst
Term
What are some important genetic consequences of fertilization?
Definition
1) If the zygote was not diploid, then the genetic material would continue to accumulate without divisions.
Term
1. Contact and Recognition
a. Structure of Egg
The human egg consists of an oocyte surrounded by a plasma membrane, the __________ __________ (thick acellular layer), and the __________ __________ (layer of smaller cells).
The starfish egg consists of an oocyte surrounded by a plasma membrane and two acellular layers (the very thin inner layer is the __________ __________; the outside thicker layer of glycoproteins is called the __________ __________).
Definition
1) Zona pelluicda
2) Corona radiata
3) Vitelline envelope
4) Jelly coat
Term
The vitelline membrane and jelly coat are analogous to the __________ __________.
Definition
1) Zona pellucida
Term
The head of the sperm consists of the __________ and a cap, called an __________, which contains digestive enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg.
The head of the sperm is primarily responsible for the __________ __________.
Definition
1) Nucleus
2) Acrosome
3) Acrosomal reaction
Term
The midline of the sperm contains the __________ which provides energy for the movement of the flagellum
Definition
1) Mitochondria
Term
The flagellum of the sperm exhibits the typical eukaryotic __________ arrangement for flagella.
Definition
1) 9+2
Term
1. Contact and Recognition
b. Capacitation
This process occurs in __________ only.
The sperm is (active/not active) as it is released.
Capacitation refers to the changes:
-(Increased/decreased) rate of metabolism
-Sperm motility
-Change in __________ (type of protein)
-Proacrosin converted to __________.
The process is triggered by secretions from the (male/female) reproductive tract.
In humans sperm become active about __________ hours after the release.
Definition
1) Mammals
2) Not active
3) Increased
4) Glycoproteins
5) Acrosin
6) Female
7) Six
Term
1. Contact and Recognition
c. Acrosomal Reaction
Sea Urchin:
-Sperm contacts the __________ __________ and membranes surrounding the acrosome fuse.
-__________ ions from the sea water move into the acrosome.
-Acrosome then releases __________ enzymes that digest a path through the jelly coat to the vitelline envelope of the egg.
-__________ is a species-specific binding protein located on the acrosome which adheres to specific-specific bindin receptors located on the egg's __________ __________.
Mammals:
-Acrosomal reaction follows __________.
-Bindin receptors on the zona pellcia are __________ __________.
Definition
1) Jelly coat
2) Calcium
3) Proteolytic
4) Bindin
5) Vitelline envelope
6) Capacitation
7) Glycoprotein ZP3
Term
Where do you expect to see bindin receptors in mammals?
Definition
1) On the zona pellucida
Term
2. Regulating Sperm Entry
a. Fast Block to Polyspermy
-__________ of the egg plasma membrane (opening of __________ channels).
-Takes 1-3 seconds and lasts about 1 minute after __________ occurs.
-During __________ no additional sperm can fuse with the egg.
Definition
1) Depolarization
2) Na+
3) Repolarization
4) Depolarization
Term
2. Regulating Sperm Entry
b. Slow Block to Polyspermy (__________ __________)
-__________ of oocyte membrane causes __________ ions to be released into the cytosol.
-This causes thousand of __________ __________ to release enzymes (via __________) into the space between the oocytes and the vitelline envelope (__________ space).
-The increase in osmotic pressure causes water to enter the __________ space enlarging (widening) it.
-The vitelline envelope hardens, forming the __________ __________.
-This block requires about one to several minutes to complete but it is a complete and permanent block.
-In __________, fertilization envelope does not form, but the enzymes released during exocytosis of the cortical granules alter the sperm receptors on the egg's __________ __________ so that no additional sperm bind to them.
Definition
1) Cortical reaction
2) Depolarization
3) Ca2+
4) Cortical granules
5) Exocytosis
6) Perivitelline
7) Perivitelline
8) Fertilization envelope
9) Mammals
10) Zona pelucida
Term
3. Egg Activation
-Release of __________ ions into the egg cytoplasm also activates the egg.
-This activation includes increased __________ __________ and completion of (meiosis I/meiosis II) forming the egg nucleus.
Definition
1) Calcium
2) Protein synthesis
3) Meiosis II
Term
4. Fusion of the Nuclei
-The sperm nucleus swells and forms the male __________.
-The nucleus formed during completion of __________ in the egg becomes the female pronucleus.
-Then the egg and sperm nuclei fuse forming the __________.
Definition
1) Pronucleus
2) Meiosis
3) Zygote
Term
Where does the bulk of the cytoplasm for the zygote come from?
Definition
1) The bulk of the cytoplasm found within the zygote primarily comes from the large egg.
Term
Cleavage
-Series of rapid mitotic division with period of (growth/no growth) during each cell cycle.
-Repeated divisions increase the number of cells, called __________ that make up the embryo.
-Blastomeres are (differentiated/undifferentiated).
-The morula is a (solid/hollow) ball of cells (32-64)
-The blastula is a (solid/hollow) ball of cells (64-several hundred) with a fluid filled cavity called the __________.
Definition
1) No growth
2) Blastomeres
3) Undifferentiated
4) Solid
5) Hollow
6) Blastocoel
Term
__________ is a mixture of proteins, phospholipids, and fats that serve as food for the developing embryo.
The pattern of cleavage is affected by the amount of __________.
Definition
1) Yolk
2) Yolk
Term
Classification of Eggs By:
Amount of Yolk:
__________ is a small amount of yolk.
__________ is a moderate amount of yolk.
__________ is a large amount of yolk.
Distribution of Yolk:
__________ is when the yolk is uniformly distributed throughout the embryo.
__________ is when yolk is concentrated at one end of the cell, known as the __________ pole; the opposite, more metabolically active pole is the __________ pole.
Definition
1) Microlecithal
2) Mesolecithal
3) Macrolecithal
4) Isolecithal
5) Telolecithal
6) Vegetal
7) Animal
Term
Yolk and Cleavage Patterns
-__________ is a cleavage pattern in which the entire embryo cleaves; characteristic of microlecithal and mesolecithal eggs.
-__________ __________ is a cleavage pattern in which the entire embryo cleaves at the same rate, resulting in equal sized blastomeres; it is a characteristic of isolecithal eggs.
-__________ __________ is a cleavage pattern in which the entire embryo cleaves; but the division of the vegetal hemisphere is slowed down by the presence of yolk; as a result, there are larger numbers of smaller cells at the animal pole and smaller numbers of larger cells at the vegetal pole; it is characteristic of moderately telolecithal eggs.
-__________ is a cleavage pattern in which cleavage is restricted to a small disc of cytoplasm (__________) at the pole; it is a characteristic of macrolecithal, telolecithal eggs.
Definition
1) Holoblastic
2) Equal holoblastic
3) Unequal holoblastic
4) Meroblastic
5) Blastodisc
Term
(Mosaic/regulative) development is largely a consequence of the unequal distribution of important materials in the cytoplasm of the zygote.
Definition
1) Mosaic
Term
(Mosaic/regulative) development is when cytoplasmic developmental determinants portioned out to each new cells during cleavage may be different.
Definition
1) Mosaic
Term
(Mosaic/regulative) development is when each blastomere has limited developmental potency and hence if you separate or lose 1 cell at the 4 cell stage it will result in a defective organism with 3/4 of the form developing.
Definition
1) Mosaic
Term
(Mosaic/regulative) development results in a homogeneous distribution of cytoplasm.
Definition
1) Regulative
Term
(Mosaic/regulative) development is when individual cells produced by the cleavage divisions are equivalent, thus allowing the embryo to develop as a self-regulating whole.
Definition
1) Regulative
Term
(Mosaic/regulative) development is when each blastomere is capable of producing a single embryo and hence if there is damage to the cells during an early stage (4 cell stage) the entire organism can still form.
Definition
1) Regulative
Term
Cytoplasmic Determinants in Frogs
-Fertilization in the amphibian egg causes a shift of some of the ___________ cytoplasm.
-These cytoplasmic movements can be easily followed because the egg (cortex/medulla) contains (light/dark) pigment granules.
-A crescent-shaped region of underlying lighter-colored (___________ - this is a color) cytoplasm becomes evident directly opposite the point on the cell where the sperm penetrated the egg.
-This ___________ ___________ is thought to contain factors and other developmental determinants.
Definition
1) Cortical
2) Cortex
3) Dark
4) Gray
5) Gray crescent
Term
Cleavage in Birds
-The ___________ is a small disc of cytoplasm on the upper surface of the egg yolk.
-Splits into two tissue layers: an upper ___________ and a lower ___________, separated by the blastocoel.
Definition
1) Blastodisc
2) Epiblast
3) Hypoblast
Term
Anywhere from 64 to several hundred blastomeres form the ___________, which is usually a (solid/hollow) with a fluid filled cavity called the ___________.
Definition
1) Blastula
2) Hollow
3) Blastocoel
Term
In blastulation, the blastocoel becomes ___________.
Definition
1) Nothing
Term
The human embryo implants into the endometrium at the ___________ stage.
Definition
1) Blastula
Term
___________ is the process by which the blastula becomes a three-layered embryo, or ___________.
Definition
1) Gatrulation
2) Gastrula
Term
What does the blastopore become in protosomes? In deuterostomes?
Definition
1) Mouth
2) Anus
Term
Gastrulation in Frogs
-Invagination at the ___________ pole is obstructed by large, yolk-laden cells.
-Cells from the ___________ pole move down over yolk-rich cells and invaginate, forming the ___________ ___________ of the blastopore.
Definition
1) Vegetal
2) Animal
3) Dorsal lip
Term
Gastrulation in Birds
-The ___________ ___________ is the functional equivalent of the blastopore.
-The ___________ ___________ is where invagination occurs.
-In birds, there is no ___________.
Definition
1) Primitive groove
2) Primitive streak
3) Archenteron
Term
___________ is the process of organ formation.
Definition
1) Organogenesis
Term
The notochord, brain, and spinal cord are among the first organs to develop through the process of ___________.
Definition
1) Neurulation
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the nervous system and sense organs?
Definition
1) Ectoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and its associated structures (nails, hair, etc.)?
Definition
1) Ectoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the pituitary gland?
Definition
1) Ectoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the notochord?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the skeleton (bone and cartilage)?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the muscles?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the circulatory system?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the excretory system?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the reproductive system?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the inner layer of skin (dermis)?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the outer layers of digestive tube and of structures that develop from it, such as part of the respiratory system?
Definition
1) Mesoderm
Term
What germ layer gives rise to the lining of the digestive tube and of structures that develop form it, such as the lining of the respiratory system?
Definition
1) Endoderm
Term
The _________ is one of the first identifiable structures in development; it arises from the mesoderm.
Definition
1) Notochord
Term
The notochord releases some chemicals that induce the overlying _________ (germ layer) to thicken and differentiate into the _________ _________.
Definition
1) Ectoderm
2) Neural plate
Term
Cells of the neural plate undergo changes in shape that cause the central cells of the neural plate to move down wards and form a depression called the _________ _________.
Definition
1) Neural groove
Term
The cells flanking the neural groove on each side form the _________ _________.
Definition
1) Neural folds
Term
The neural folds move towards each other and joint to form the hollow _________ _________ which will give rise to the brain and spinal cord and motor neurons.
Definition
1) Neural tube
Term
Bits of nervous tissue near the neural tube form the _________ _________; this tissue will form the teeth, part of the skull, sensory neurons, schwann cells, and the adrenal medulla.
Definition
1) Neural crest
Term
There is a full layer of _________ which covers the neural tube.
Definition
1) Ectoderm
Term
_________ are blocks of mesoderm which form on either side of the neural tube; they will give rise to vertebrae and muscles of the body axis.
Definition
1) Somites
Term
The _________ becomes cushioning for the vertebrae.
Definition
1) Notochord
Term
What gives rise to the brain, spinal cord, and motor neurons?
Definition
1) The neural tube
Term
What gives rise to the teeth and part of the skull?
Definition
1) The neural crest
Term
What gives rise to sensory neurons, schwann cells, and the adrenal medulla?
Definition
1) The neural crest
Term
_________ _________ happens because of an error during organogenesis.
Definition
1) Spina bifida
Term
_________ _________ is a developmental birth defect caused by the incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube.
Definition
1) Spina bifida
Term
In terrestrial vertebrates, what are the four extraembryonic membranes that the three germ layers give rise to?
Definition
1) Chorion
2) Amnion
3) Allantois
4) Yolk sac
Term
Chorion
-Derived from _________ and _________
-Used in _________ _________.
Definition
1) Ectoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Gas exchange
Term
Amnion
-Fluid-filled sac that surrounds the _________.
-Derived from _________ and _________.
-Keeps embryo moist
-Acts as a _________ _________.
Definition
1) Embryo
2) Ectoderm
3) Mesoderm
4) Shock absorber
Term
Allantois
-Derived from _________ and _________.
-Stores _________ wastes.
Definition
1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm
3) Nitrogenous
Term
Yolk Sac
-Derived from _________ and _________
-Makes food available to the embryo.
Definition
1) Endoderm
2) Mesoderm
Term
Fertilization
-Occurs in the _________.
Definition
1) Oviduct
Term
Cleavage
-Takes place as the embryo is moved down the _________.
Definition
1) Oviduct
Term
Blastocyst
-Develops in the _________.
-Implants into the _________.
-The _________ cell layer is the trophoblast which gives rise to the _________ and _________.
-The _________ cell mass is the proper embryo.
Definition
1) Uterus
2) Endometrium
3) Outer
4) Chorion
5) Amnion
6) Embryo
Term
About _________ days after fertilization, the blastocyst drifts to an appropriate site along the uterine wall and begins to implant.
Definition
1) 7
Term
About _________ days after fertilization, the chorion has formed from the trophoblast.
Definition
1) 10
Term
After _________ days, the maternal blood vessels provide the embryo with oxygen and nutrients.
Definition
1) 25
Term
At about _________ days, the embryo and its membranes together are about the size of a Ping-Pong ball, and the mother still may be unaware of pregnancy.
The _________ filled with fluid surrounds and cushions the embryo.
The _________ _________ has been incorporated into the umbilical cord.
Definition
1) 45
2) Amnion
3) Yolk sac
Term
The placenta develops from both the _________ of the embryo and the uterine tissue of the mother.
Definition
1) Chorion
Term
The _________ provides nutrients and oxygen for the fetus and removes wastes which the mother then excretes.
Definition
1) Placenta
Term
The placenta also functions as an endocrine organ that secretes _________ and _________ to maintain pregnancy.
Definition
1) Estrogen
2) Progesterone
Term
The _________ _________ connects the embryo to the placenta.
Definition
1) Umbilical cord
Term
About _________ after fertilization, the trophoblastic cells of the placenta release _________ which signals the _________ _________ that pregnancy has begun.
Definition
1) 10
2) hCG
3) Corpus luteum
Term
hCG secretions begin about the time of _________.
Definition
1) Gastrulation
Term
At about _________ hours the embryo reaches the two-cell stage.
Definition
1) 24
Term
At about _________ days the morula reaches the uterus.
Definition
1) 3
Term
At about _________ days the blastocyst begins to implant.
Definition
1) 7
Term
At about _________ weeks the notochord and neural plate are formed; tissue that will give rise to the heart is differentiating; blood cells are forming in the yolk sac and chorion.
Definition
1) 2.5
Term
At about _________ weeks the neural tube is forming; the primordial eyes and ears are visible; pharyngeal pouches are forming; liver bud differentiating; respiratory system and thyroid gland just beginning to develop; heart tubes fuse, bend, and begin to beat; blood vessels are laid down.
Definition
1) 3.5
Term
At about _________ weeks limb buds appear; three primary divisions of the brain begin to form.
Definition
1) 4
Term
At about _________ months the muscles are differentiating; embryo capable of movement; gonad distinguishable as testis or ovary; bones begin to ossify; cerebral cortex differentiating; principal blood vessels assume final positions.
Definition
1) 2
Term
At about _________ months the sex can be determined by external inspection; notochord degenerates; lymph glands develop.
Definition
1) 3
Term
At about _________ months the face begins looking human; lobs of the cerebrum differentiate; eyes, ears, and nose appear more normal.
Definition
1) 4
Term
During the _________ trimester downy hairs cover the fetus and are later shed; neuron myelination begins; tremendous growth of the body is evident.
Definition
1) Third
Term
At about _________ days the baby is born
Definition
1) 266
Term
_________ twins are when cells of the 2 celled embryo separate and each cell develops into a complete organism.
Definition
1) Monozygotic (identical)
Term
_________ twins have an identical set of genes.
Definition
1) Monozygotic (identical)
Term
_________ twins are very rare and occur when two inner cell masses do not completely separate and thus give rise to conjoined twins.
Definition
1) Conjoined
Term
_________ twins are physically attached and share one or more body parts.
Definition
1) Conjoined
Term
_________ twins occur when two eggs are ovulated and each is fertilized by a different sperm.
Definition
1) Dizygotic (fraternal)
Term
_________ twins are when individuals are not identical and may not even be of the same sex.
Definition
1) Dizygotic (fraternal)
Term
_________ refers to the condition in which more than one sperm enters the egg.
a. Polyspermy
b. Acrosomy
c. Syngamy
d. Capacitation
Definition
1) a. Polyspermy
Term
The stage where blastomeres divide differentially depending on the distribution and amount of yolk present is called:
a. Capcitation
b. Syngamy
c. Fertilization
d. Blastulation
e. Cleavage
f. Gastrulation
Definition
1) d. Blastulation
Term
Changes that must take place in the sperm to make it fertile is referred to as _________.
a. Polyspermy
b. Capcitation
c. Progressive motility
d. Fertilization
e. None of the above
Definition
1) b. Capacitation
Term
If the cells of a young embryo can be separated and each cell develops into a complete embryo, the development is said to be _________.
a. Mosaic
b. Regulative
c. Determinate
d. Meroblastic
Definition
1) b. Regulative
Term
The human embryo implants into the endometrium at the _________ stage.
a. Gastrula
b. Blastula
c. Morula
d. Neurulation
Definition
1) b. Blastula
Term
at the four cell stage, if I remove one of the cells and the organism develops with a missing part the development is:
a. Mosaic
b. Regulative
Definition
1) Mosaic
Term
Arrange the following in proper order:
1. Sperm binds to the egg
2. Fertilization membrane forms
3. Increased calcium ions
4. Cortical reaction
5. Acrosomal reaction
a. 1,5,3,4,2
b. 1,4,3,5,2
c. 2,3,4,5,1,
d. 1,2,3,4,5,
e. 1,5,4,3,2
Definition
1) a. 1,5,3,4,2
Term
The cavity of the developing gut that forms during gastrulation is known as the:
a. Archenteron
b. Blastopore
c. Blastocoel
d. Primitive streak
e. Primitive groove
Definition
1) a. Archenteron
Term
_________ are blocks of mesoderm which form on either side of the neural tube; they will give rise to vertebrae and muscles of the body axis.
a. Somites
b. Blastomeres
c. Neural plates
d. Notochord
Definition
1) a. Somites
Term
Answer using the following choices:
a. Chorion
b. Amnion
c. Allantois
d. Yolk sac
1. _________ makes food available to the embryo.
2. _________ stores nitrogenous wastes
3. _________ used in gas exchange
4. _________ keeps embryo moist and acts as a shock absorber.
Definition
1) d. Yolk sac
2) c. Allantois
3) a. Chorion
4) b. Amnion
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