Term
|
Definition
- new respiratory system needed for air
- limbs and skeleton have to support more weight
- temperature fluctuations are extreme! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
discovered in 2004 on Ellesmere Island, intermediate between lobe-finned fish and tetrapods
scales, fins, gills and lungs
neck,ribs, flat heat, fin bones and ear notches |
|
|
Term
| Links between Ichthyostega and modern tetrapods |
|
Definition
-loss of some cranial bones
- mobile neck
- loss of opercular bones
- reduced notochord
- more rigid vertebral column
- 4 muscular limbs with distinct digits
- sacral vertebral column and pelvis |
|
|
Term
| What are the three orders of amphibians |
|
Definition
Gymnophiona (Apoda)
Urodela (Caudata)
Anura (Salientia) |
|
|
Term
| the larvae of modern amphibians |
|
Definition
| are aquatic and depend on gills for respiration... will metamorphose and get lungs eventually |
|
|
Term
| Problem with amphibians skin |
|
Definition
| it loses water rapidly and eggs dry up quickly so they need a moist habitat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body temperature depends on the environment and restricts their range (low metabolic rate) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
elongated and limbless
burrowing animals
small eyes = blind as adults
eat worms and underground invertebrates
live in tropical forests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
internal fertilization:
2 reproductive modes:
- viviparous: larvae develops inside the female and get nutrients from the wall of the oviduct (young are miniature adults)
- deposit eggs in moist ground near water, and larvae are aquatic or they develop inside the egg |
|
|
Term
| Caudata Characteristics: aka salamanders |
|
Definition
- right angle limbs (front and hind equal lengths) isn't very efficient compared to having them underneath you
- have a tail that they keep throughout life
- Carnivores..high protein diet
- don't store a lot of fat or glycogen so they have to eat a lot or store fat in their tail |
|
|
Term
| Reproduction in Salamenders (Caudata) |
|
Definition
- usually aquatic larvae and terrestrial adults
- internal fertilization... females pick up a spermatophore that was deposited on a tree or a stick and the eggs get fertilized as they travel through the cloaca
- aquatic: lay a cluster of stringy masses that hatch into larvae with gills and a fin-like tail
- terrestrial: deposit eggs under logs or on soft each... mini adults |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| become sexually mature while still showing larval characteristics (ex: mud puppy still has gills) |
|
|
Term
| Respiration types in Caudata |
|
Definition
- vascular nets in skin and lining of mouth cavity exhange H20 and CO2
- some aquatic species have no gills, and respire by lungs and holding their nostrils above the water surface
- some retain gills
- lungless terrestrial forms: cutaneous gas exchange (through the skin) and through gas exhange in the mouth |
|
|
Term
| Frogs and Toads : Anura (salienta) characteristics |
|
Definition
tailed larval stage
lose their tail and become jumping adults
Webbed feet |
|
|
Term
| 3 common families of Anura (Salientia) frogs and toads |
|
Definition
Ranidae
Hylidae (tree frogs)
Bufonidae (toads) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the skin of toads and frogs |
|
Definition
thin, moist, highly glandular and attached loosely to the body
- composed of an epidermis and an inner spongy dermis |
|
|
Term
| 2 types of integumentary glands |
|
Definition
- in frogs and toads
= mucous glands (waterproofing)
= large poison granular glands that secrete chemicals when an animals is stressed to discourage predators and to protect against bacteria and fungi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- produce by chromotophores
- cryptic -->hides the animal's shape against a certain background
- aposematic--> bright to signify danger
- mimicry --> mimic the bright ones but aren't actually poisonous
- many can adjust their color to blend with background and camouflage themselves. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Anura (Salientia) Frogs and Toads' skeletal system |
|
Definition
- skull is flatenned, smaller and has less bone: lighter and easier to support out of water
- vertebral column isn't flexible: better for transmiting rove from limbs to the body
- super short body (9 trunk vertebrae and a urostyle) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
have 3 main joints
the foot has five rays
the hand has 4 rays
foot and hands have multi-jointed digits |
|
|
Term
| 3 surfaces for gas exchange in amphibians |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are frogs positive pressure breathers or negative pressure breathers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Explain how frogs breathe |
|
Definition
BUCCAL PUMP
1. fill lungs by forcing air into them
2. the floor of the mouth is lowered, drawing air in through nostrils
3. Close nostrils and open the glottis
4. force air into lungs by elevating the floor of mouth
5. Rhythmic ventilation of mouth cavity to gulp air
6. lungs emptied by contraction of body wall and elastic recoil of lungs |
|
|
Term
| how does respiration occur in frogs/toads during hibernation? |
|
Definition
| through the skinnnnnnn weeee (usually they use lungs though) |
|
|
Term
| Describe food capture in frogs |
|
Definition
they catch prey with a long tongue that's attached at the front of their mouth. It has a sticky secretion at the end that sticks to the prey and they flick it back into their mouth.
The teeth hold the prey but they don't bite or chew |
|
|
Term
| What are the excretory products of freshwater amphibians? |
|
Definition
| ammonia! (immediate product of protein metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| What are the excretory products of terrestrial amphibians? |
|
Definition
| urea (can be stored in the bladder) |
|
|
Term
| How do froggies limit loss of water? |
|
Definition
- mainly active at night.. in moist areas
- coil or tuck in limbs for less evaporation (reduced SA expsosure)
- Form a cocoon from outer layers of skin for long dormancy periods |
|
|
Term
| How do frogs intake water? |
|
Definition
| through the skin (espcially in the ventral pelvic region) |
|
|
Term
| How do frogs store water? |
|
Definition
| in urinary bladder or lymph sacs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Forebrain: sense of smell, regulates color changes and visceral function
Midbrain: vision and complex activities
Hindbrain: hearing, respiration, swallowing, motor control |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tympanic membrane passes vibrations to the inner ear via the columbella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- their dominant sense
- have rods and cones in retina
- Lachrymal glands + eyelids keep the eye moist/free of dust |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hindlegs appear first, then forelegs.
Tail is resorbed.
The intestine becomes shorter and mouth transforms to adult form.
Lungs develop and the gills are resorbed. |
|
|
