Term
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Definition
| process where an individual (sender) sends a signal to other individual (receiver) who responds to signal in some way |
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Term
| why is a communication behavior maintained in a species? |
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Definition
| because the responses given by a receiver must be advantageous to sender |
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Term
| Do sender and receiver always need to be the same species? |
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Definition
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Term
| example of communication in spiders |
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Definition
| spiders communicate with substrate vibrations in webs |
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Term
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Definition
| force air through tube or rub body parts together |
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Term
| advantages of using sound to commuicate |
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Definition
can be heard in all directions
easily turned on and off
flexible and can be modulated |
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Term
| disadvantages of using sound to commuicate |
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Definition
requires energy
detected by predators |
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Term
| Communication in Orca whales |
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Definition
-capable of learning matched vocalizations, hunt in pods
clans: pods form a region, genetically related
members of a particular pod have a dialect |
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Term
| Communication in humpback whale |
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Definition
-vocalizations that can be heard from 6-30 minutes
-sets of songs can last for 22 hours
-only males sing so function may be primarily sexual in nature |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior patterns that are adapted in physical form or frequency to function as a social signal |
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Term
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Definition
| behavior patterns that are adapted in physical form or frequency to function as a social signal |
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Term
| advantages of visual messages in communicating |
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Definition
-transmitted quickly
-convey alot of info
-directional
-low energy cost (colorful plummage, etc) |
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Term
| disadvantage of using display as communication |
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Definition
-cannot be conveyed great distances (can also be blocked)
-mostly useless in the dark, except forfireflies that create own light in dark |
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Term
| Courtship and territorial behavior in robins |
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Definition
tail lift indicates danger
wings down as aggressive display |
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Term
| Function of using touch as a form of communication |
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Definition
| social function,communicates social roles |
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Term
| Solicitation as an example of touch as a form of communication |
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Definition
chicks peck parents' beaks
wolf pups lick lips of adult to stimulate regurgitation |
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Term
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Definition
| physically connect to each other to use pheromones |
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Term
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Definition
| most universal mode of communication |
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Term
| advantages of communicating with chemicals |
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Definition
-cheap to produce
-less risk of unintended attraction
-usually meaningful for ones own species only
-can last long time |
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Term
| disadvantages of using chemicals as a form of communication |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 classifications of chemicals used for communication |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemical as a form of communication: Releaser |
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Definition
affect behavior of individual
alarm, territory
example: ant lays an odor trait that attracts other ants to follow to prey and assist hauling to nest |
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Term
| Chemical as a form of communication: Primers |
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Definition
direct affect physiology of other animal
example: bruce effect = mouse aborts babies that are fathered by another male, pheromone |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals in urine of male mice will cause females to abort fetuses not fathered by those males |
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Term
| Bruce effect is an example of ____ |
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Definition
| Chemicals as a form of communication, classification: primers |
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Term
| Why did communication evolve? List 5 reasons |
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Definition
1. predict animal's behavior
2. manipulate behavior of other animals to senders' advantage (increase fitness)
3. recognition
4. group coordination
5. alarm
6. hunting and foraging |
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Term
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Definition
elicit instinctive social behavior patterns
evolved via ritualization (behavior that provides info to another animal will become habitual or stereotyped if it leads to that animals responding in ways that re advantageous for the releasing animal |
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Term
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Definition
| identification of conspecifics |
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Term
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Definition
| A member of the same species. |
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Term
| Recognition is important in ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| group coordination in hunting in whales |
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Definition
humpback whales and bubblenet fishing
use sounds for group hunts |
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Term
| "alarm" pheromones in mice |
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Definition
| rats and mice emit alarm pheromone in urine when stressed |
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Term
| Examples of communication related to hunting |
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Definition
african wild hogs perform ceremony before hunt
chimpanzees use distinctive body language to lead others to good forage |
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Term
| what is a ritualized behavior? |
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Definition
| behavior that provides info to another animal will become habitual or stereotyped if it leads to that animals responding in ways that re advantageous for the releasing animal |
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Term
| herring gulls and ritualization |
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Definition
chicks peck at red spot on gulls' eak to make it regurgitate
ritualization, unlearned |
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Term
| What functions does communication serve in animals that live in groups? Give example species. |
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Definition
| whales live in pods; helps communicate dangers and helps to hunt |
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Term
| What are the differences between aggregations and organized societies in the animal kingdom. |
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Definition
aggregation = species that live in loosely knit groups; advantages of vigilence, defence, and good gathering
example: ravens: nonresidents yell to attract other nonresidents to the food site so that thy can override any interference by residence |
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Term
| What is meant by social dominance in species that live in groups? |
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Definition
| dominance = some individuals have priority over others in terms of access of food, space, and mates |
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Term
| what functions does dominance serve in groups? |
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Definition
1. stability: everyone knows their abilities and what to expect from others
2. destructive aggression is minimized. once relations are established, less fighting occurs.
3. enhanced fitness: strongest, most fit breed
4. radiation; "losers" leave group and form new ones |
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Term
| what functions does dominance serve in groups? |
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Definition
1. stability: everyone knows their abilities and what to expect from others
2. destructive aggression is minimized. once relations are established, less fighting occurs.
3. enhanced fitness: strongest, most fit breed
4. radiation; "losers" leave group and form new ones |
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Term
| dominance in birds; example |
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Definition
sunirds
males with red tufts defended more flowers
less redness = less flowers
red = dominant trait |
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Term
| dominance in mammals: what is it related to? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
have no empirical basis
do not actually exist
ex: memory, intelligence, gravity, dominance
only exist by the way that we define them |
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Term
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Definition
things that do exist
(ex; fish, grown, smile, number correct on exam, etc) |
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Term
| what is an example of a hypothetical construct? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the work of Rohwer & Rohwer (1978) on dominance in the Harris sparrow. |
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Definition
-painted feathers of lighter-colored birds black.
-darker plummage = dominant
painting the feathers did not make them dominant
gave them testosterone injectios AND paint and that made them dominant |
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Term
| What is a caste in the study of social insects? What advantages does having castes provide for the species? |
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Definition
caste = group within the larger colony that performs only certain tasks
advantages = reproduction, defend colony, forage for food, brood care |
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Term
| What are some of the disadvantages (costs) that an animal endures from living in groups rather than alone? |
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Definition
1. increases competition for resources
2. increase exposure to disease, parasites
3. interference with reproduction
4. not as stealthy
5. overcrowding |
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Term
| What are the five advantages animals might gain from living in groups? Give example species for each. |
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Definition
1. vigilance; hulks have fewer chances of catching a pigeon in a large flock than in a small one because the large flock takes off when the hawk is further away
2. dilution: lion attacks group of ostriches, only 1 of the ostriches becomes a meal
3. animal near center of group more likely to survive: some fish fight to be in the middle of a school
4. group defense: confusion effect; schools of fish - hunters hesitate on which to attack
5. warmth against cold; bats cuddle |
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Term
| How can exchange of information be an advantage for animals that live in groups? Give specific examples. |
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Definition
exchange info about food
rats will follow other rats that smell like yummy food |
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Term
| Asexual vs sexual reproduction |
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Definition
asexual: involves one parent, offspring identical to parent
Sexual: 2 different parents contribute dna. females product fewer, larger eggs. males produce many, small sperm |
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Term
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Definition
ultimate measure of one's success = number of surviving offspring
females have high investment in their eggs and males must fertilize as many eggs as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which males and females evolve different sexual dimorphim |
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Term
| consequences of sexual conflict, give examples |
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Definition
reproductive strategies that maximize reproductive success often differ for males and females
ex: males are often larger and more aggressive than females and devote more effort into obtaining mates than to prenatal care |
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Term
| list 2 forms of sexual selection |
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Definition
1. intrasexual
2. intersexual |
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Term
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Definition
| fight within sexes for right to mate with other sex |
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Term
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Definition
| one sex chooses which individual of other sex to mate with |
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Term
| How do elephant seals illustrate the principles of sexual conflict, selection and dimorphism? |
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Definition
sexual conflict: females are in a harem and give birth on beach in winter(safer, more isolated) and then males will challenge each other by roaring and fighting for mates. successful males may mate with up to 40 females in a harem.
sexual selection; most dominant and aggressive males mate more often
sexual dimorphism; larger and more aggressive males, |
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Term
| What are “satellite” frogs? Why do these animals engage in these behaviors? |
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Definition
stays near larger male and tries to intercept approaching females before they reach the dominant male
they cant croak low or loud enough to get a mate on their own |
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Term
| What are some of the circumstances which will cause an animal to adopt an alternative rather than an optimal strategy? |
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Definition
| being a satellite male and sneak mating when you cant get mates on your own |
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Term
| What is sperm competition? What are some of the forms such competition can take on? |
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Definition
struggle to be the male that fertilizes the female
some animals have devices on penises to remove sperm already in the female's womb before they mate.
some males can seal up the female's genital opening with a copulatory plug
some lizards will mimic females so that males release sperm onto ground
parasitic worms mate with other males and seal up their genitals |
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Term
| What is unusual about the evolution of the Coho salmon? How are alternate strategies balanced in this species? |
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Definition
evolved 2 different reproductive strategies
salmon swim up from ocean to breeding pools to give birth and die. they can be either hooknoses or jacks. if they mature at 3 years, they are large and aggressive. if they mature at 2, smaller and not aggressive. jacks sneak mate and hooknoses fight for breeding territories
both strategies must be successful |
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Term
| intrasexual selection strategies |
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Definition
1. fight
2. being sneaky
3. guarding and repelling
4. sperm competition
5. dual male forms (ex: coho salmon) |
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Term
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Definition
male produces traits that female finds attractive so she chooses them
ex; peacocks |
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Term
| How do courtship rituals differ from courtship displays? Give examples of each. |
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Definition
in rituals, both female and male perform together
in displays, only 1 performs
ex ritual; duck dancing
ex display: peacock feathers spread |
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Term
| some male ducks may become “rapists.” Explain why this occurs. |
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Definition
ducks mate for life
male ducks that can't attract a partner will try to copulate with a paired female |
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Term
| adaptive functions of courtship rituals |
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Definition
1. identification: rituals help individuals determine if a proper mate has been found
2. reduction of aggression; in some species, an individual must indicate it is not prey; may bring a gift of food to reduce chances of being eaten
3. fitness assessment; female inspects male for suitability and male assesses females availability
4. mating readiness assessment
5. bonding; in species where both contribute to young, the couple must work together, some species bond for like (like birds) |
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Term
| How can such traits as extremely colorful feather evolve if these stimuli increase predation? What are the two theories for how this happens? |
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Definition
1. runaway evolution: in peacocks longer tails once correlated with fitness and females were attracted to it. evolve a preference for longer tails
good genes theory: peacocks that survived despite their handicap are attractive |
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Term
| leks; What are the advantages for male and females in these situations? |
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Definition
leks displays are space in which males conjugate in groups and defend territories adjacent to one another
lek males are only sources of sperm; do not help raise young, nest, gather resources
advantages = females get males with the best genes |
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Term
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Definition
males congregate to call females
easier for females far away to hear, difficult for predators to locate 1 single frog |
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Term
| Some species of fish start out as one sex and end up as the other. Under what circumstances might this system evolve? What adaptive advantage does it have? |
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Definition
| females are supposed to be larger in clownfish, so large males become female because larger fish lay more eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| male mates with several females |
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Term
| most common mating style.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
female mates with several mates
male does parental care |
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Term
| What factors affect whether a species will be monogamous or polygynous? Explain. Give some examples |
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Definition
| -dispersal of resources; do they need to travel to look for food? the might be more dispersed; promiscuous. guinea pigs |
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Term
| What are the stages of courtship and mating in the laboratory rat |
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Definition
1. courtship; male sniffs and chases female
2. pursuit; male pursues running female
3. mounting
4. lordosis; female adopts posture
5. intromissions; insertion
6. ejaculatio
7. rest; 5 minute rest before starting again |
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Term
| Explain the Coolidge effect in male rodents. What fitness advantages of such phenomenon benefit the males? |
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Definition
coolidge effect; ability of males to resume copulation with a new female
benefits; can be promiscuous |
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Term
| Why is monogamy a relatively common mating system in birds but relatively rare in other animals? Explain. |
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Definition
| both parents are needed to care for offspring |
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Term
| Discuss two different forms of polygyny and different circumstances under which each would evolve. |
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Definition
resource defense
--conidtions; distribution of resources (when resources are concentrated or clumped = polygyny.
male dominance polygyny (females choose males they want, but they all choose the same ones!)
circumstances = no clump of resources, just choose the most fit. used by lek species (birds) |
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Term
| Why would females of a species stick together, other than food availability? What mating system would this grouping favor? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dominance hierarchies
social structures |
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Term
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Definition
| good for 1 but unaffects other |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| one species hurts another not intetionally and without benefit to itself |
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Term
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Definition
| combo between polygnous males with polygnandrous females |
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Term
| What factor(s) lead to the lack of male aggression scramble competition polygyny? |
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Definition
| More time spent maximizing mating opps at moment. Happens when mates are dispersed, saves time |
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Term
| Explain how the male stickleback fish discourages competition, attracts a mate, and raises its young. |
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Definition
Discourage competition develop red on underside and protect nesting territory. Stand on hed to show red and attack only if they need to. Red = releaser.
Attract mate = turn off red, change to blue/white color. Lead female to nest, she lays, and he fertilizees.
Raise young = turns red back on, protects nest after they hatch |
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Term
| Discuss the role of sign stimuli or “releasers” in the reproductive behavior of the stickleback fish. |
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Definition
Releaser = red belly for warning, blue for copulation
Behavior is innate and in a sequence that cannot be broken |
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Term
| What is “double clutching?” Under what circumstances can it occur? |
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Definition
Double clutching = pair raises twice as many offspring. Fertilize and incubate 2 sets of eggs.
Happes when food is abundant
Female Invests time in feedig young and male builds nest |
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Term
| How might polyandry have evolved from a species that uses double clutching? Explain. |
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Definition
| Adequate food is available and breeding season is short. Lay as many as they can |
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Term
| What is the difference between how the term s promiscuity and polygnandry are used? Give examples of species that use each system. |
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Definition
Promiscuity = multiple atings with no pair bonds
Polygynandry = male incubates and raises offspring and females choose males |
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Term
| What are the different circumstances that cause hedge sparrows (dunnocks) to adopt different mating systems? |
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Definition
Depends on size of territory and overlaps
Monogamous when congruent territories, polygnyous when male overlaps 2 female territories, polyandrous trio female territory overlaps 2 male territory, poylgynandry several males overlaps several females |
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Term
| Why do dunnock females often seek out beta rather than alpha males to mate with? What is the advantage in doing this? Explain. |
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Definition
| Mating with betas = obtain help from betas and alphas because alpha doesn’t know they aren’t his kids. |
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