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-austrian scientist and monk
-discovered the basic laws of heredity by experimenting with varieties of garden peas |
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| Who coined the term "gene" ? |
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| What is the most frequently used animal in genetic studies? |
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| why is the fruit fly the most commonly used animal in genetic research? (4) |
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1. small size
2. two-week period of maturation
3. female lays hundreds of eggs
4. easy to take care of |
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| used mathematical probability to predict wrinkles, pod color, seed shape in pea pods |
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fundamental units of heredity
code for proteins
in matched pairs tat are inherited from parents |
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| how many genes in human genome? |
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each member of pair of gene
can be dominant, recessive, codominant |
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need double recessive to be expressed
ex: blue eyes |
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| Difference between genotype and phenotype |
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genotype: genetic makeup
phenotype: physical appearance of organism |
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| sperm and egg cells contain ___ allele from each parent |
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| ___ chromosomes in ___ pairs |
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| 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs |
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combined effect of several genes
ex: shape of nose, marks on animals coat |
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| total numnber of chromosomes |
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| recessive gene for certain trait is stored on same chromosome that determines individual's sex |
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| which allele a sex cell receives is determined by... |
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when reproductive cells are forme, some gene segments can actually cross over between matched pairs of chromosomes, putting new alleles in combination weith the alleles already on chromosome
gene switching |
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| what proportion of variability in a population phenotype is accounted for by variability in genotype |
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| Why are males more likely to have hemophilia than females? Explain. |
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gene for hemophilia is carried on X chromosome (Sex linked)
X dominates over Y, so if trait is on X....hemophiliac
in order to be a hemophiliac girl = need to have both Xs carry recessive trait |
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| in a given population, under certain environmental circumstances, how much of traits are attributable to genes? |
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| Explain what mutations are and the role they play in the evolution of new species |
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Mutations: random, unpredictable changes in genes; sometimes due to radiation, chemicals
new alleles lead to changes in physical structure or behavior. these changes may be favorable by environment |
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specific genetic alleles may move into or out of a population simply because of the movement of breeding individuals from 1 area to another
introduce new alleles into a new population |
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| changes in the gene pool that are largely attributed to change factors |
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| genetic drift: chance factors |
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-allele can disappear permanently if the small number of individuals that possess that allele fail to reproduce
-in large population: an allele may become more common because those individuals with that allele are more reproductively successful |
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| mainly events of chance, rather than natural selection, determine genes in a new population |
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population of animals loses many of its numbers by forces other than natural selection
ex: human intervention (hunting/fishing) |
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| Describe some of the methods used to study how genes affect behavior. |
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| -genes enable behavior to be performed through a long chain of biological events |
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-manipulate genetic differences while holding environmental effects constant
-manipulate environmental variables while keeping constant genetic structure |
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| describe the Tryon (1940) and the Cooper & Zubek (1958) studies of selective breeding of maze-running ability in rats. What points do the studies illustrate? |
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-counted number of wrong turns in maze - determined which rats were fast or slow learners
-bred slow ones with each other and fast ones with each other
-demonstrated that "maze brightness" has genetic component |
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| what behaviors are considered to be instinctive? |
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| strong innate determinants relative to the environment |
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| Properties of instinctive behaviors (4) |
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1. typical of all members of the species
2. difficult to modify during development
3. occur in complete form the first time they are performed
4. typically elicited by some simple environmental cue |
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| -occurs when behavior tends to gravitate toward a strong instinctive pattern, even when learning or training contradicts the instinct |
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| define: clinical assessment |
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| -systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors presented with a possible psychological disorder |
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| what determines what sex alligators are? |
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temperature determines whether offspring are male or female
cold = female
hot = male |
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| how do we test for ULTIMATE CAUSES in genetics? |
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| cladogram (phylogeny) "tree" of traits |
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| How do we test PROXIMATE CAUSES in genetics? |
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cross-fostering
twin analysis
artificial selection
inbreeding
natural selection |
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| How do we assess evolution of behavioral phenotypes? |
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| -compares families, subspecies, or ecotypes to indicate the extent to which genes influence behavior |
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genetically differentiated population within a species that is adapted for a particular environment
ex: African Killer Bees (very reactant and aggressive; introduced to western hemisphere) |
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| "Common Garden Technique" |
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-animals kept in common environment
-if behavior differentiates in different environments and is the same in similar environments, then differences must be attributed to environment
opposite = genetic basis for behavior |
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| define: phylogenetic intertion |
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carryover of traits that evolve in previous habitats, even those traits that have little relevance in the current habitat
ex: dogs that turn around and around before laying down
-genes control behavior; inherited from previous generations |
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| Proximate causes = _____ of behavior |
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-take young and distribute to different mothers
-What is effect of environment vs genetics? |
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Monozygotic twins (same sperm and egg but cells splits into 2 and develops into 2 fetuses) twins split into 2 different environments
study effects of genetics vs environment |
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-same sperm and egg but cell splits into 2 an develops into two different fetuses
same genetic makeup |
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| 2 different sperm but twins do not look alike |
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| Define: Artificial selection |
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| -we make breeding choices to change behavior frequencies in species |
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| Define: Single-gene mutation |
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-a change in just one gene
ex: Fire ants - a change in just one gene can turn fire ants into polygamous group (change in pheromones) |
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| -What proportion of variability in a population phenotype can be accounted for by variability in genotype |
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| average difference in scores from the mean of the population |
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| variability in population |
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| Variability of attribution to genetics |
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| variability attributed to environment |
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| Mathematical model for HERITABILITY |
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| Mathematical model for Venv |
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| Mathematical model for Venv |
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| Trait that is heritable is also _____ |
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No phenotypical variation due to genetic variation
variation is due to environment |
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| ALL phenotypical variation due to genetic variation |
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| Trait with ____ survival value = _____ variability |
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| HIGH survival value = LOW variability |
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| Define: Quantitative Trait Locus |
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Number of genes that behave together
--Location on a chromosome that is thought to regulate an organism's behavior |
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| knock out genes to see what effect occurs when the gene is not active |
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| Synthetic theory of evolution |
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synthesis of Darwin's theory of evolution with modern genetics
--created population genetics |
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surveying total genetic variation within a population
--What genetic variations exist within a species?
--How do gene pools change over time? |
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1990 study coordinated by government
mapped human genome |
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-identify all 25,000 genes
-determine sequence of base pairs
-store info in databases |
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| How many genes in human genome? |
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| How many base pairs in human genome? |
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| Scott + Fueller: inheritance of physical and behavioral traits |
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| discovered that friendly-non-friendly and bold-timid are inherited separately |
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-Russian
-Can you selectively breed foxes for friendliness?
-Can you get a fox that is not aggressive?
---15 generations = friendly, but foxes changed color! |
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