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| List: 4 concepts of Darwinian evolution |
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1. variation within species
2. heritability
3. adaptation
4. natural selection |
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individual differences among animals is important for understanding how species change over time
ex: size, aggression, etc |
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| inherited variation; difference in genes |
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individual animals adapt/adjust their behavior to the environmental conditions
compete with members of species for foo and mates |
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animals that survive are the ones that best adapted to environmental conditions
inherited favorable traits and behaviors
favorable traits become more common in each succeeding generation |
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| most important factor implicated in speciation is _____________ |
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| ______ causes species to diverge |
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| example of isolation of species in australia |
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perspective of animal is different than human's perceptions
sensory is different |
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| evolution selects _______ that best fulfill the function of keeping organisms alive to reproduce |
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| Proximate explanation: elephant infrasonic communication |
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-MECHANISM
-Physiology of vibrations in forehead |
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| Ultimate explanation: elephant infrasonic communication |
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Definition
-how does this help them survive?
-signaling resources, finding a mate? |
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| Misconceptions about evolution: progressivism fallacy |
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| climb up ladder of progress; always getting better |
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| Misconceptions about evolution: purposivism fallacy |
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most important factor in speciation
when groups are separate and no longer can mate with one another, environment can act on each group differently and select for different traits which make them unable to breed |
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| -animals specific habitat and role they play in it |
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| define: adaptive radiation |
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Definition
| -when a species spreads to new habitats and offspring evolve into a different species in response to habitat difference |
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| DAWKINS: individual competition |
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Definition
gene that codes for trait that increases fitness of its bearer above tat of others in population will increase in frequency
ex: guppies in upstream vs downstream
--2 components of antipredatory behavior: schooling vs predator inspection |
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| SPENCER: survival of fittest |
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| -fittest = combination of physical and behavior traits that help an organism survive and reproduce |
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| who coined the term "survival of the fittest" ? |
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| traits of males and females are selected to maximize reproduction |
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| sudden environmental changes cause species to change in about 10,000 years |
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| -quickly make changes in genetic composition |
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-from different to similar
-different species independently evolve to adapt to environmental problems and come to resemble each other structurally because they occupy similar niches
ex: dolphins and sharks |
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| structures that are similar in look and function but have different organs in evolutionary time |
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| Analogous structures are related to _________ evolution |
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| common ancestor evolves different structures |
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| Homologous structures relate to __________ evolution |
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| Define: Homologous structures |
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structures serve different functions but have same origin
ex: birds wing, bats wing, human hand |
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| WILSON: evolution of behavior |
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-behavior precedes actual change in morphology
ex: fighting behavior -> ANTLERS |
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| optimize survival and reproduction |
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-What reproductive advantage exists for a bird to lay 12 eggs instead of 3?
--birds with low predation have higher clutch sizes |
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How do animals relate to each other and where do they originate?
(family tree) |
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| most specific group that animals belong (genetically related) |
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can't or do not interbreed
ex: wolves and dogs |
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-races, strains, etc
-when animals differ by habitat within species |
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| frequency-dependent selection |
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Definition
-some traits increase their reproductive advantage when they become rare
ex: predator may prey on certain animal when that prey is plentiful. when that prey becomes scarce, the predator may choose to prey upon a different animal and allow for the other animal to increase its numbers |
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| -evolution is a ladder of progress on which simpler organisms correspond to the rungs at the bottom of the ladder and humans are the rung at the top |
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-anthropocentric view
-all nature exists for our benefit
-evolution = "reason for life" |
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| evolution of physical characteristics |
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| How does Gould and Eldredge’s concept of punctuated equilibrium qualify Darwin’s original theory? |
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| suggested that species may remain stable for hundreds or thousands of generations but can change in short period of time (10,000 years) due to sudden environmental changes |
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| Explain convergent (parallel) evolution and given an example from two different species. |
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convergent: different species adapt to similar environmental changes and come to represent each other structurally
ex: birds, bats, and butterflies all developed wings
ex: dolphins have fins like sharks |
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| What factors affect how many eggs the great tit lays in a clutch? How was the answer to this question obtained? |
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Definition
-smaller clutch size with high predation (Easier to take care of and protect small numbers)
cost-benefit analysis |
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