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| A form of a gene; different alleles typically code for distinctive variants of the same enzyme. |
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| More commonly known as selective Breeding, where professionals study the genotype and phenotype of parent organisms in the hope of producing a hybrid that possesses many of the desirable characteristics found in their parents. |
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| Short and simple sounds; used to communicate among eachother |
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| A segment of DNA, typically one that encodes information about the sequence of amino acids that makes up a protein. |
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| group selection is a theory that alleles can become fixed or spread in a population because of the benefits they bestow on groups. |
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| The process by which individuals’ inherited needs and abilities are more or less closely matched to resources available in their environment, giving those with greater "fitness" a better chance of survival and reproduction. |
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| a tree showing the evolutionary interrelationships among various species or other entities that are believed to have a common ancestor. A phylogenetic tree is a form of a cladogram. |
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the history of the evolution of a species or group, especially in reference to lines of descent and relationships among broad groups of organisms.
Ex: Tree of Life |
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| A mating pattern in which a male mates with more than one female in a single breeding session. |
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Every behavior is due to some kind of external stimulus that triggers the behavior. This behavior emerges due to the fact that it has proven to increase fitness.
The proximate cause is what is immediately observed as causing the behavior.
IE: survive in relations to sensory triggers |
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The evolutionary cause behind the behavior, however, is called the ultimate cause.
Ex: For example, birds will reproduce only at a certain time (behavior). |
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| Long and more complex sounds; used for mating purposes |
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| Developmental Homeostasis |
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| The capacity of developmental mechanisms within individuals to produce adaptive traits, despite potentially disruptive effects of mutant genes and suboptimal environmental conditions. |
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| The genetic constitution of an individual; may refer to the alleles of one gene possessed by the individual or to its complete set of genes. |
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| The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism, as determined by both genetic makeup and environmental influences |
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A process whereby a young animal follow the characteristics of his/her mother after hatching.It can be filial imprinting or followiing a future mating partner.
Example: A young chick after hatching can follow his/her mother and adapt to the environment where his/her mother goes, and also the movement of his/her mother. Is like doing what the mother does. A young goose after hatching can follow its future mating partner and when gets matured it will start to mate with its partner due to sexual behaviour it imprited. |
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The occurrence of several phenotypes in a population which are not due to different genetic types. Maybe caused by environmental influences.
Ex:Castes are an example of polyphenism: the caste fate of developing larvae does not depend on their genotype, but is determined by their environment. |
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| The acquisition of knowledge or skills through experience, practice, or study, or by being taught. |
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the changing of behavior by the use of reinforcements which are given after the desired response.
(neutral operant, reinforcers, punishers)
Ex: Punisher: Your car has a red, flashing light that blinks annoyingly if you start the car without buckling the seat belt. You become less likely to start the car without buckling the seat belt. |
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A phenomenon in which the phenotype of the offspring depends on the source of the chromosome containing the imprinted gene,
i.e. whether it is from the female or from the male parent. |
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Any process that causes an allele to be over-represented in sperm and eggs
EX: http://evolutionwiki.org/wiki/Meiotic_drive |
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| The study of the proximate mechanisms and adaptive value of animal behavior. |
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| a behavior pattern that develops in most individuals, promoting a functional response to a releaser stimulus. |
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| capacity of an individual to react differently to others that it is genetically related to (nepotism) |
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| Innate Releasing Mechanism |
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| a hypothetical neural mechanism thought to control an innate response to a sign stimulus. |
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| An innate, highly stereotyped response that is triggered by a well-defined, simple stimulus; once the pattern is activated, the response is preformed in it's entirety. |
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| neurons ignore some stimuli |
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a releaser is a specific factor that triggers a fixed action pattern, an innate, stereotyped behavior.
Ex: the mere sight of an egg
outside its nest will trigger innate egg retrieval behavior on the part of a nesting sea gull, whether or not that egg is its own. |
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| An organism that, during its development, lives in or on the body of a single host individual, eventually killing that individual. Larra wasps, Ormia flies, and Steinernema nematodes are examples of parasitoids; note that the wasps and flies feed like this during their larval stages, while in the adult stages they feed on nectar of plants. Many people use the word parasite when they really mean parasitoid; this is unfortunate because it obscures the lethal effect of parasitoids. |
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| internal biological clock that roughly knows a year and the seasons. The environment helps (people know when to mate (in the spring and hibernate in the winter) |
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| how much light did you get in a day? Recurring cycle of light and dark periods. The natural photoperiod is approximately 24hours, and the ratio of light to dark hours slowly changes over the course of a year. |
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| Associated reproductive pattern |
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| mating season are correlated with sex hormones (high hormone levels) |
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| Dissociated reproductive pattern |
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| the organisms mate when they have very low sex hormones. Their sex hormone levels get high NOT during the mating season |
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| is an anti-predator behavior which occurs when individuals of a certain species mob a predator by cooperatively attacking or harassing it, usually to protect their offspring. A simple definition of mobbing is an assemblage of individuals around a potentially dangerous predator. |
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| : A relative measure of reproductive success of an organism in passing its genes to the next generation. The relative ability of an individual (or population) to survive, reproduce and propagate genes in an environment. |
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| is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time |
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| is a technique for studying the development of languages by performing a feature-by-feature comparison of two or more languages with common descent from a shared ancestor, as opposed to the method of internal reconstruction, which analyzes the internal development of a single language over time |
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The process by which an interbreeding population or species diverges into two or more descendant species, resulting in once similar or related species to become more and more dissimilar. The process of tracing back two or more species to their common ancestor that indicate how they have diversified and diverged.
For example, a flock of bird in migration gets divided as half of them settled to a new island while the other half continued migrating to a farther land. Over time, the two groups become more adapted by developing new characteristics to enable them to survive to their new habitats. Thus, they become a different species to their ancestors and what was once one species has diverged into two. |
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A kind of evolution wherein organisms evolve structures that have similar (analogous) structures or functions in spite of their evolutionary ancestors being very dissimilar or unrelated.
Ex:
the wings of bats, birds, and insects evolved independently from each other but all are used to perform the function of flying |
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| (also pronking or pronging) is a gait of quadrupeds, particularly gazelles,[1] involving jumping high into the air by lifting all four feet off the ground simultaneously. This may occur during pursuit by a predator. It might also occur during play. |
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| In BIOLOGY the constraints are specified internal (say, physiological) or external (say, ecological) variables that affect an organism's ability to maximize its biological fitness. Although very simple at its core, efforts to account for all detectable/measurable variables can create models of breathtaking complexity. |
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| a mathematical theory that deals with action in a conflict situation as if it were a game in which each player seeks to maximize his opponent's losses. |
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| The Selfish herd theory states that individuals within a population attempt to reduce their predation risk by putting other conspecifics between themselves and predators[1] . Such behavior inevitably results in aggregations. |
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| A type of mimicry when species imitate a similar species, due to that species reputation as a dangerous animal, which in turn may deter an offensive organism |
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