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Animal Behavior
animal behavior terms
52
Biology
Undergraduate 4
06/13/2012

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Term
Polyandry
Definition

females that mate with greater than 1 male per season

  • rarest form 
  • female control or reversal of sex roles
  • male biased OSR
  • the multiple males have an equal opportunity to fertilize her eggs.
  • due to limited # of territories
Term
Monogomy
Definition

one male and one female per mating season

  •  its rare for mammals
  • males have low parental investment
  • monogomy usually happens when the RS of the  male will increase due to their monogomy. So if they can provide food or protection to their young so that they survive.
  • sometimes females will force males to be monogomous in matriarchial settings. 
Term
3 monogomy hypothesis
Definition
  • 3 hypothesis
  1. Mate guarding
  2. mate assistance
  3. Female enforced
Term
Mate guarding (monogomy)
Definition
  • female remains receptive after mating 
  • females are difficult to locate and are widely distributed
  • more males than females
  • the male guards the female until she is ready to mate.
Term
Mate assistance (monogomy)
Definition
  • with his care his RS increases
  • his RS would not increase if he mated with more
  • low densities
Term
Female enforced (Monogomy)
Definition
  • female forces the male to stay with her otherwise she loses parental care 
  • if male tries to attract another mate she will attack him
Term
why is monogomy more common in birds?
Definition
  • males can contribute a lot = mate assistance
  • food/protection
  • males can't guard multiple nest effectively
Term
EPC
Definition

extra-pair copulation

  • leaving your mate to mate with another
  • Risks: letting another male mate with your partner or females may lose favor of original male
  • benefits: increased # of fertilized eggs and it might increase RS for some females
Term
Why do Females have EPCs?
Definition
  • Material benefits 
  1. more resources
  2. better protection
  3. infanticide reduction
  • Genetic Benefits
  1. Fertility insurance- she gets all eggs fertilized. 
  2. good genes hypothesis- males with best genes
  3. genetic compatability- diverse genetics
Term
Polygyny
Definition

males mate with more than one female in a mating season

  • The most common
  • 4 types
  1. Female defense
  2. resource defense
  3. scramble defense
  4. lek 
Term
female defense (polygyny)
Definition
occurs when females are clustered for protection
Term
Resource defense
Definition

females choose males based on their resources so males defend their resources to get multiple females

  • usually when resources are scarce
  • females generally do better with monogomous males but depending on the quality of resources it may be in their best interest to mate with an already mated male. 
Term
polygyny threshold model
Definition
the model in which determines if a female should mate with an already mated male based on the quality of his resources.
Term
Scramble competition (polygyny)
Definition
  • resources/females are widely distributed
  • males go out and look for females usually having a short reproductive period.
  • males all try to find a mate quickly but also try to find a good mate
Term
Lek (polygyny)
Definition

when males display in a group 

  • 3 hypotheses
  1. hot shot
  2. hot spot
  3. female preference
Term
Hot shot  (lek polygyny)
Definition
lesser males position themselves around the more attactive males looking to intercept
Term
Hot spot (lek polygyny)
Definition
they congregrate where females might go (i.e. water, food.)
Term
Female preference (lek polygyny)
Definition
its easier for females to choose when they are all clustered. otherwise females might not go looking to a hot shot male if he isn't there.
Term
Assumption for Habitat selection
Definition
  1. habitat quality is different
  2. they can accurately assess the habitat quality
  3. they can choose which ever they want (Ideal Free Distribution)
Term
Ideal Free distribution
Definition
the animals will distribute themselves in accordance to what the resources are like
Term
WHy are IFDs rarely realized?
Definition

1. no free choice

2. don't know what the quality is

Term
Dispersal
Definition
short term tracel away from home
Term
Reasons to disperse
Definition
  • low resources
  • avoid inbreeding 
  • Mate competition
  • evaluation of breeding success
Term
Mate competition (dispersal)
Definition
males that can't get a female in the group might leave to find some place where he can get a mate.
Term
Migration
Definition

annual long distance travel from one place to another and then back (birds go south)

  • lots of birds
  • mammals (bison)
  • reptiles (sea turtles
  • costs are energy and predation 
Term
why migrate?
Definition
  1. to find food
  2. to find water 
  3. to reproduce
  4. to get warm
Term
why do males generally compete and females choose mates?
Definition
  1. Bias in OSR
  2. differenceds in gametic contribution
  3. parental investment
Term
OSR
Definition

opperational sex ratio: the ratio of reproductive males to reproductive females. 

  • when there are few females the males must compete
Term
differences in gametes (sex differences)
Definition
  • male gametes are numerous and energetically inexpensive
  • females gametes are few and more energetically expensive.

 

Term
parental investment
Definition

the amount of care one parent puts into thier offspring that decreases their reproductive success. 

  • females generally have more parental investment than males
Term
the sex differences generally favor males that ___ and females that ____
Definition
males that compete and mate whenever they can, females that are choosy and dont engage in EPCs
Term
Who are the 3 founding fathers?
Definition

 Niko Tinbergen 

 

Konrad Lorenz(Austria)

Karl von Frisch

Term
sexual and natural selection requires
Definition
  • genetic variation
  • heritability of characteristics
  • differential reproduction
Term
Sexual selection
Definition

traits that are attractive to females

  • enforces competition between males
  • female choice
Term
intrasexual selection
Definition

male male competition

males compete for the rights to a female

Term
intersexual selection
Definition
females choose thier mates based on their characteristics.
Term
sex role reversal
Definition

when male has more parental investment and males have lower reproductive rates

happens when...

  • Females compete for males
  • OSR biased toward females
Term
sexual dimorphism
Definition

differences in male and female appearances

-color

- armaments

- size

Term
dominance hierarchies
Definition
happens because of sexual selection and generally causes things like the larger males being a higher rank and having more offspring, therefore the larger males are selected for.
Term
Alternative mating strategies
Definition

a) friendship/ alliances

b) satellite behavior- subortinate males hang around dominate to intercept

Term
sperm competition
Definition
when females mate with multiple males and the males are aware of it and must compete.
Term
cryptic female choice
Definition
females choose later which sperm they will use
Term
nuptual gift
Definition
sometimes males will give something in exchange for the female using thier sperm.
Term
females might choose which sperm based on ____
Definition
  1. nuptual gifts
  2. helthy appearance
Term
Runaway sexual selection
Definition
females choice can cause a trait that actually decreases the fitness of the males.
Term
What are the benefits of social living?
Definition
  • hunting
  • defense of territories
  • better protection against predators
  • thermoregulation
Term
what are the costs of social living?
Definition
  • exploitation by dominants
  • reproduction interference
  • increased competition for food
  • increased exposure to parasites/pathogens

for sociality to evolve the benefits must be greater than the costs

Term
what are the types of social interactions?
Definition
  1. selfish
  2. spiteful
  3. mutualism
  4. reciprocal altruism
  5. altruism
Term
REciprocal altruism
Definition

darwinian puzzle

game theory?

  • requires long term associations between individuals
  • and individual recognition

 

Term
Altruism
Definition
  • a darwinian puzzle
  • it might increase thier indirect fitness
Term
kin selection
Definition
a form of natural selection 
Term
eusociality
Definition
  • coopoerative care of the young
  • reproductive castes cared for by sterile castes 
  • overlap of generations

hymenopterans

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