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| simple automatic responses to stimuli |
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| controlled at the spinal cord which is a connector between a afferent(rcptr) and efferent(mtr) neuron….very useful for simple animals |
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| what is the connector between the afferent and efferent neuron |
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| where the brainstem or cerebrum reacts to the "significant stimulus" (potential danger/hearing name)…involves interaction between many neurons (reticular activation system) |
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| complex-innate, triggered by a RELEASER stimulus, limited ability to learn a new one, rarely learned when cues are noticed, herd/flocks |
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| daily cycles when behavior changes instinctive and modified, maintend by internal (hunger/rythmic eating) and external(repititive enviroment effects), most obvious is sleepiness |
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| periodic(often as seeing a traffic light), this influences biological factors |
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| difference between learning for minor and major animals |
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| major animals is needed more |
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| how can they measure the degree of how an animal can learn |
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| degree of neurological development- ability of nervous system, cerebral cortex for flexiblity |
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| suppression of normal/regular stimuli that becomes useless in purpose…spontaneous recovery occurs when the stimulus is no longer applied or modification of stimulus |
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| classical conditioning involves association of normally autonomic/visceral response with an enviroment….aka conditional reflexes |
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| what was Pavlov's experiment |
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| give the dog food=salvates……tune fork=no salvation……food,tune fork=salvates….tune fork=salvates (aka conditioned reflex) |
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| the forced stimulus in Palvov's experiment |
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| unconditioned stimulus…unconditioned response |
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| unconditioned stimulus(FOOD causes salvation)…unconditioned stimulus(it is the dog's natural instinct to salvate to food |
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| conditioned stimulus…conditioned response |
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| tuning fork was used to make dog think that food is coming |
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| a stimulus that will not by itself elict a reponse prior to conditioning (bell before bell+food), but eventual the neutral stimulus can work |
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| the establishment of a new reflex by adding neutral to unconditioned stimulus |
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| to see if a neutral stimulus can alone bring a response (without adding it to a uncondioned stimulus |
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| operant/instrament conditioning |
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| conditioning with the use of reward or reinforcement |
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| 1st demonstrated operant conditioning- used a cage with lever or key and a food dispensor to see if the animal would ever press it open for food |
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| providing food,light,or electrical stimulus of the animals brain "pleasure centers", so that the chances increase by time, and later become habitual |
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| stimuluting brain pleasure centers for the LACK of a certain behavior, (reward for not doing), |
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| usually by electrical shock, to make the organism stop doing a certain behavior |
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| when stimulus causes different responses, is modified with positive reinforcement to prefered(high on heirarchy) and punishment to unprefered(lower on heirarchy) |
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| the removal of a conditioning (by absense of reinforcement) |
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| the recovery of a conditioned response after extinction |
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| the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to stimuli that are similar but not indentical…usually done with sound waves |
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| the ability of a conditioned organism to respond to slightly different stimuli accordingly (done with sound wavelength) |
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| stimulus generalizaion gradient |
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| when the conditioned organism reacts at a certain scale (closer to the orgininal the more magintude of response |
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| when the organism develop a behavior at a CRITICAL PERIOD (usually early life)….ducklings follow any object moving ("mother") and the "mother" can be replaced only during critical period |
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| what effects critical period |
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| if the enviroment is not at a normal state, then the organism will not develop that behavior properly….a visual critical period is when light is sensitive to the organism during critical period |
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| when organisms make signals for sex |
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| differnce between agonistic displays and antagonistic displays |
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| agonistic is the muscles reacting/contracting (wagging tail)….antagonistic is the muscle against the contraction (staring still) |
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| social herichy is made when the dominant member of species prevails over a subordinate one for the issues of food,mates,territory |
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| when land animals defend their land (usually male or male-female), usually used for mating,nesting,feedding…function of distributing members of species so that the resources are not depleted (causeing less competition)…size based on density |
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| communication with other animals based on chemicals (pheromones) relased within the same species |
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| what are the two types of pheromes |
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| releaser- reversible/short term, usually sex attractant,alarm,toxic…………primer-long term alteration of physiological and chemical(mice,isnsects,bees,termites inhibit female reproduction to prevent overpopulation) |
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