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Animal behavior 363 exam 1
lectures 1 through 5
45
Science
Undergraduate 3
02/10/2015

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Term
what are the main differences between domestic and wild animals?
Definition

Basics:

behavior, morphology, appearance, reproduction, productivity

Term
Characters of domestic behavior
Definition

reduced sensitivity to environmental changes

reduced aggression

increased tolerance toward conspecifics

domestic behavior is inherited through generations

rooted in wild ancestoral behavior

Term
when and where did domestication occur
Definition
around the world and at different and same times
Term
Domestication
Definition

Process whereby an animal is transformed from a life in the wild to a life under human control, involving complex genetic adaptations (behaivior, morphology, reproduction, productivity) and is a process involving transformation through many generations

 

in case of dog probably took thousands of years

very little genomic change (dog species 78 chromosomes)

Term
how do we learn about domestication?
Definition

archeological data

historical records

molecular data (mitochondrial DNA vs Nuclear DNA)

 

Term
What benefit did dogs get from domestication?
Definition

greatly increased their numbers

 

wolves: 400,000 worldwide

dogs: 400,000,000

Term
five major herbivorous domestic mammals
Definition

cow

pig

horse

sheep

goat

Term
cat domestication
Definition

"if it is domestic"

ancestral species: wild cat

Near East

9500-1550 BP

majority of breeds in last 50-75 years (dont need that many different traits to be a mouser)

Term
Cow Domestication
Definition

Aurochs Europe Asia and North Africa: extinct, gave rise to two species before domestication occured

 

Bos tarus taurus - humpless, Europe, northern Asia, West Africa and Americas (fertile crescent) ~10,000 BP

Bos taurus indicus- Humped, arid climate (Indus valley) India and migrated to Asia, China and Southeast Asia~9500 BP

 

~800 breeds

Term
Pig Domestication
Definition

Wild Boar: in multiple places at the same time

Asia and Europe

~10,000 BP

 

~200 BP Asian pigs breed with European breeds = phenotypic selection

Term
Sheep Domestication
Definition

Fertile Crescent

Domestication of more than one Ovis species

O. orientalis

O. ammon

~13,000 BP

Term
Goat Domestication
Definition

multi domestication events (atleast 3) at different places and different times

 

~10,500 BP southeaster Anatolia

~9,500 BP Zagros mountains

Term
Horse Domestication
Definition

Wild Horse extinct species

4-5,000 BP

multiple domestication events

Term
Pigeon Domestication
Definition

mediterranean region ~3,000-5,000 BP for food early ~10,000 BP

 

350 breeds

Julius Cesar used for communication and into 20th century

 

racing utility and domestic species have high drive to come home

Term
Similarities between domestic species and wild ancestors
Definition

genomes are extremely similar

function in very similar ways

behavior repertoires of domestic species rooted in those of their progenitors

Term
The evolutionary Theory and Behavior
Definition
Animal behavior is a subject of natural selection and evolutionalry process in much the same manner as their morphology and physiology
Term
Darwin: what are species a product of?
Definition
living species are the product of unguided, unconscious process of reproductive competition among their ancestores (charles Darwin 1809-1882)
Term
Natural Selection
Definition

Process in which individuals with a particular trait tend to leave more offspring in the next generation than do individuals with a different trait.

 

underlying principles

trait variation (alleles), Heredity, Differenctial reproduction

 

genes increasing reproductive success are promoted

 

Term
adaptation the process
Definition
evolution of a population by natural selection in which hereditary variants most favorable to organismal survival and reproduction are accumulated and less advantageous forms discarded
Term
Character adaptation
Definition
a character that evolved gradually by natural selection for a particular biologial role
Term
natural vs artificial selection
Definition

natural selection is measured after reproduction- by individuals contributing to next generation

artificial selection is measured before reproduction

Term
appearance traits
Definition

coat color etc.

have relatively simple genetic architecture

(dog coat color across species is governed by variants in 3 genes)

IGF1 allele = size

(six gene varients explains half dog sizes, 83% of size variation in horses is at 4 loci)

 

Term
where does variation come from?
Definition

causative alleles which are present in the ancestral species

 

then there are mutations that are not from ancestral lineage

Term
Product important traits
Definition

usually complex architecture: differ in genetic complexity

 

milk, meat, food efficiency, etc.

Term
Chicken domestication
Definition

~8,000 BP in South Asia

Red jungle fowl

Term
results of slective breeding
Definition

a large phenotypic variation withing a species but this selects for phenotypes which would reduce animal fitness in the wild

selection for performance of narrow specialized tasks

Term
how did animals become domesticated?
Definition

hard to say, it was so long ago

it is also hard to test scenarios for domestication

behvior selection

morphological feature selection

selection for productivity

self selection...

just dont know

Term
Goal/hypothesis of Russian Fox experiment
Definition

Goal: reconstruction of animal domestication in an experiment

 

hypothesis: selection for behavior was the main driving force of dog domestication

 

began 1959

Term
why use foxes for the Russian study?
Definition

close relative of the dog

bred in captivity since second part of 19th centry

had a large population to start with

Term
How long did it take for the Russian foxes to begin showing effects of the domestication process
Definition
very fast: within 6 generations
Term
what changes occured in the foxes selected for tameness?
Definition

behavior

morphology

appearance

physiolgy

development

 

floppy ear/curled tail

Term
Outcome of Russian fox project
Definition

formed genetically centered view of animal domestication

 

showed that selection for tameness causes behavioral, physiological, developmental, and appearance changes

 

showed the paralles between behavior, physiology, and development changes observed between domestic animals and their wild progenitors

Term
Besides selection what other experiments did the Russian fox project do?
Definition

cross-breeding from tame and aggressive strains

 

cross-fostering pups from tame and aggressive moms

 

transplantation of embryos

Term
German rat project results
Definition

233 rats

tame rats

had decreased anxiety-related behavior

lower levels of corticosterone

increased frequency of white spotting

Term
continuous traits
Definition

height, weight, milk yield, time lenght of an exploratory activity, exit speed

 

(quantitative traits)

can be measured

Term
categorical traits
Definition

number of offspring, number of attempts to find a maze exit

 

(Quantitative traits)

can be counted

Term
Heritability
Definition
measures the degree to which offspring resemble their parents
Term
what causes variation in behavior?
Definition

genetic variation

environmental variation

gene-environment interation (GEI)

Term
Gene-environment interaction (GEI)
Definition
when differences in the environment have greater effect on some genotypes than others
Term
Bar Harbor Experiment
Definition

13-year long study of 5 dog breeds (Basenji, Beagle, Cocker spaniel, Shetland Sheepdog, and Wire-haired Fox terrier) from birth to ~1year

 

measured emotional reactivity (significant differene between breeds)

maze test, trainability, and aggression

Term
Human aggressive behavior and monoamine oxidase A (MAOA)
Definition

MAOA is linked on X chromosome

MAOA breaks down seritonin

MAOA knockout mice more aggressive

Term
male vs female bird chromosomes
Definition

ZZ-male

ZW-female

Term
broodiness
Definition

thought to be linked to Z chromosome

 

Cornish hens = broody

White Leghorn hens = not broody

 

cross Cornish M with Leghorn F is only way to get brood progeny

Term
rat experiment (genotype-by-environment interaction)
Definition

dull and bright rats raised in...

 

  • standard lab environment: bright outperforms
  • impoverished environment (no stimuli): poor performance of both
  • enriched environment: same level of performance
Term
Behavioral conclusions
Definition

behavior are complex phenotypes usually controlled by many genes

three sources of behavioral variation (genetics, environment, gene-environment interaction)

gene environment interactions may lead to unexpected results

(identical handling may have different effects on different genotypes (dogs))

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