Term
|
Definition
nonsteroidal terpenoid
produced by corpora allata (glands posterior to brain)
behavioral roles: induces behavior of sex pheromone production, caste differentiation in social insects, parental care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
steroid
secreted by prothoracic glands
regulates molting (shedding of exoskeleton/exdysis) and egg production |
|
|
Term
| prothoracitropic hormone (PTTH) |
|
Definition
peptide
produced by brain
stimulates prothoracic glands to secrete ecdysone |
|
|
Term
which stage of the molt cycle is stimulated under the following contidions:
-high JH
-low/diminished JH
-no JH |
|
Definition
-another larval stage
-pupal stage
-adult stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemical messenger between individuals of the same species |
|
|
Term
| name the sensory systems in animals |
|
Definition
| -vision -sound -thermal perception -chemoreception -mechanoreception -electroreception |
|
|
Term
| monochromatic vision (definition) |
|
Definition
| a common vision type in animals that are active only at dawn/dusk; contains only one receptor for detection of presence/absence of light |
|
|
Term
| perception of images depends on what? |
|
Definition
| the number of receptor cells per unit area of the retina |
|
|
Term
| flicker fusion (definition) |
|
Definition
| how rapidly an animal can process motion as separate images, similar to the shutter speed on a camera |
|
|
Term
| which of the sensory systems is able to move through a vacuum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: sound travels more slowly in a denser medium |
|
Definition
| FALSE: sound travels more quickly in a denser medium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the energy incorporated into sound; what we perceive as "loudness" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
using a high frequency/low wavelength sound to perceive surroundings
such a sound is likely to bounce off of objects instead of traveling around them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
low frequency sounds that can travel well in the ground are used for communication between animals
the receptor should be large - infrasound is used by elephants to communicate |
|
|
Term
| give an example of thermal perception |
|
Definition
| pit vipers have a "pit organ" near the nose that senses infrared radiation; this can pick up a source of heat especially against a cool background |
|
|
Term
| mechanoreception involves what structure? |
|
Definition
| a pressure-sensitive nerve cell |
|
|
Term
| give an example of mechanoreception |
|
Definition
| the "lateral line" in fish, responsive to water pressure |
|
|
Term
| electroreception is common in what kinds of animals and why? |
|
Definition
| fish and amphibians, stimulated by the need in water environments |
|
|
Term
| the modern approach to behavioral development/learning includes what two concepts? which schools of thought support each concept? |
|
Definition
- recognition of general principles of learning (behaviorism)
- species-specific limitations on learning; innate tendencies to learn certain things (ethnology) |
|
|
Term
| in evolutionary context, learning can be an example of _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: once learned, all behaviors are equally plastic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| canalization (definition) |
|
Definition
| the degree to which the development of a trait is resistant to modification by experience and the environment |
|
|
Term
| sensitive periods in behavioral development |
|
Definition
| periods when certain experiences have a maximum effect on behavioral development |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learning restricted to a relatively short period of an individual's life |
|
|
Term
| social imprinting (definition) |
|
Definition
| learning appropriate objects for social responses |
|
|
Term
| what are the four types of social imprinting? |
|
Definition
- filial: process by which young animals become socially bonded to their parents
- species: learning process by which the young become socialized to their species
- olfactory: imprinting based on a scent; in some cases this can happen before birth
- auditory |
|
|
Term
| give an example of filial imprinting |
|
Definition
| precocial birds have a tendency to follow their parents around soon after birth |
|
|
Term
| T/F: imprinting is irreversible once set |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of fear due to repeated exposure |
|
|
Term
| T/F: imprinting is a preference rather than an exclusive response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mate recognition/conspecifics (definition) |
|
Definition
| the preference for mating in members of the same species; the basis of reproductive isolation |
|
|
Term
| give an example of mate recognition and explain how it relates to imprinting |
|
Definition
by imprinting on their mother, male mallards have an image of what type of animal to court when older.
female mallards are more interested in males that are interested in/attempt to court them, even if they are raised isolated from other members of their species. |
|
|
Term
| give an example of olfactory imprinting |
|
Definition
| rats become imprinted to their mothers due to the scent of citrol introduced to them while in the womb. newly born rats can find their mother using this scent before their eyes open |
|
|
Term
| give an example of auditory imprinting |
|
Definition
| songs in crown sparrows develop 30-50 days after hatching if a live tutor is used for imprinting, compared to ~100 days if the hatchlings learn via recorded tunes |
|
|
Term
| auditory feedback (definition) |
|
Definition
| an important learning method where the animal learns by hearing itself |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a relatively permanent change in response over time as a result of practice or experience |
|
|
Term
| what are the five factors that affect learning ability? |
|
Definition
- temperment/emotional reactivity: the concept that animals that are more emotionally reactive will learn more slowly
- motivation to explore: species differ with regards to exploratory tendencies
- motivation for rewards: learning occurs more rapidly when animals are motivated to receive rewards
- structural/sensory biases
- psychological biases |
|
|
Term
| give an example of temperment/emotional reactivity in animals as it pertains to learning |
|
Definition
| lab rats are better than wild rats at learning in an experimental setting, as they are more tame and less fearful |
|
|
Term
| give an example of how motivation to explore affects learning |
|
Definition
| domestic goats are more likely to explore than domestic sheep are, perhaps due to their evolutionary niche |
|
|
Term
| reinforcement (definition) |
|
Definition
| factors, events, or experiences that increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| giving the animal something it wants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removing something that the animal doesnt want |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| factors, events, or experiences that decrease the likelihood that a behavior will occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| adding something adverse/unpleasant to decrease the likelihood of the behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| removing something the animal wants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| persistent decrease in frequency and/or integrity of a response due to repeated stimulation in the absence of reinforcement/punishment |
|
|
Term
| classical conditioning (definition) |
|
Definition
| learning based on association of a previously neutral stimulus and a stimulus that elicits an unconditioned response |
|
|
Term
| operant conditioning (definition) |
|
Definition
| instrumental conditioning involving the voluntary responses controlled by the animal |
|
|
Term
| give an example of operant conditioning |
|
Definition
| ungulates initially try to suckle almost any object that encounters the muzzle. over time, milk stimulates positive reinforcement so that they suckle only on the mother |
|
|
Term
| operant rate (definition) |
|
Definition
| the frequency with which any behavior is exhibited |
|
|
Term
| how can the operant rate be increased or decreased? |
|
Definition
| through reinforcement or punishment presented during or soon after a response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an apparatus used by comparative psychologists to study operant conditioning |
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of reinforcers? |
|
Definition
primary - have biological reinforcing properties
secondary - arbitrary stimuli associated with primary reinforcers in space and time |
|
|
Term
| T/F: timing of the reinforcement or punishment is important in operant conditioning |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| conditioned taste aversion (definition) |
|
Definition
| when an animal associates the taste of a food with subsequent illness/nausea, even if the induced feelings don't occur right away |
|
|
Term
| T/F: conditioned taste aversion doesn't require the need for immediate reinforcement/punishment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
definitive list of behavioral repertoire of an animal species
definitions of behaviors in a way that permits unambiguous classification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| documentation of the proportion of time spent in each available activity |
|
|
Term
| T/F: time budgets can be compared across categories such as gender, seasons, habitats, etc |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what major research questions do researchers use in regards to behavioral rhythms? |
|
Definition
- what is the role of the external environmental events on maintaining temporal rhythms of behavior/physiology?
- what is the role of internal (endogenous) rhythms of molecular & physiological function that are independent of external influences?
- where in the organism do endogenous rhythms originate? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periodic environmental events that control ("entrain") biological rhythms |
|
|
Term
| circannual rhythm (definition) |
|
Definition
| an endogenous rhythm of about a year; zeitgeber is naturally brought to phase with seasonal changes in day length or temperature, which sets the biological clock |
|
|
Term
| circadian rhythm (definition) |
|
Definition
endogenous rhythm of about 24 hours
the light cycle serves as a zeitgeber; in absence of light cycle, circadian rhythm will shift from original pattern |
|
|
Term
| T/F: adjusting circadian rhythm to a change in zeitgeber can take a long time |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: circadian rhythms can be set for cycles other than 24 hours |
|
Definition
| TRUE, [BUT] only if it is between 21-27 hours. cycles vastly different from 24 hours cannot be set to circadian rhythm |
|
|
Term
| what is circadian rhythm in mammals dependent on? |
|
Definition
| normal SCN functioning in the hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| what does the SCN secrete and when? |
|
Definition
"locomotor activity factor" at one L:D phase and "locomotor inhibitory factor" at another phase
protein called prokinectin |
|
|
Term
| T/F: once the SCN from an animal is removed, the circadian rhythm cannot be restored |
|
Definition
| FALSE: grafting SCN cells from another host can restore circadian rhythm |
|
|
Term
| T/F: rod and cone cells are involved with circadian rhythm |
|
Definition
| FALSE: rod/cone cells are not involved, but "entraining light receptors" are used |
|
|
Term
| where are the light receptors for L:D cycle adaptation located in non-mammalian vertebrates? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some of the functions of the pineal gland? |
|
Definition
maintaining biological rhythms in vertebrates
secreting melatonin, which affects seasonal rhythms, mainly at night |
|
|
Term
| what important concept does habitat destruction highlight? |
|
Definition
| that animal species are incapable of adapting to new habitats if their original one is destroyed |
|
|
Term
| source population (definition) |
|
Definition
| an area where the population grows |
|
|
Term
| sink population (definition) |
|
Definition
an area where the population declines
usually habitats of poorer quality for the species |
|
|
Term
| T/F: individuals that inhabit sink populations are often able to move into a source population |
|
Definition
| FALSE: individuals in sink populations are unable to compete for access to better quality habitats |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any area defended for some length of time |
|
|
Term
| what does territoriality allow for in individuals? |
|
Definition
| defense of portions of habitat and exclusion of other members of the same or sometimes different species |
|
|
Term
| give an example of mutually beneficial communication between species |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| communication (definition) |
|
Definition
| signal produced by an organism/sender that alters the probability of a behavior occurring in another organism/recipient in a manner adaptive to sender and sometimes to recipient |
|
|
Term
| what does communication depend on? |
|
Definition
| the structure or function of sense organs that differ among species |
|
|
Term
| what does the evolved signal function confer upon the organism and how? |
|
Definition
selective advantage
fitness advantage
conferred by behavior |
|
|
Term
| what makes communication deceitful or manipulative? |
|
Definition
| it is advantageous to the sender but not the recipient |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of behaviors that are affected by non-communicative behaviors? |
|
Definition
| greedy eaters ("monkey see, monkey do") |
|
|
Term
| blind snakes following ant scent trails is an example of what? |
|
Definition
| an animal responding to signals emitted by another species for communication |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of an unintentional signal that isn't an action? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sensory modality - visual |
|
Definition
signal range - medium
range of transmission - fast
flows around barrier - no
fade out time - fast
locatability of sender - easy
risk of exploitation - high |
|
|
Term
| sensory modality - auditory |
|
Definition
signal range - long
rate of transmission - fast
flow around barrier - yes
fade out time - fast
locatability of sender - fairly easy
risk of exploitation - medium |
|
|
Term
| sensory modality - olfactory |
|
Definition
signal range - long
rate of transmission - slow
flow around barrier - yes
fade out time - slow
locatability of sender - difficult
risk of exploitation - low |
|
|
Term
| sensory modality - tactile |
|
Definition
signal range - very short
rate of transmission - fast
flow around barrier - no
fade out time - fast
locatability of sender - easy
risk of exploitation - low |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| olfactory signals that have specific behavioral or physiological effects on conspecifics |
|
|
Term
| T/F: pheromones usually involve one compound that has multiple reactions with hormones |
|
Definition
| FALSE: pheromones generally involve more than one compound and have more complex reactions than hormones |
|
|
Term
| what two types of skin glands are found in mammals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| scent glands are modified _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where will glands be located on an animal? |
|
Definition
different parts of the body based on the species
common locations: groin, abdomen, head, anal, prepucial |
|
|
Term
| what kind of info can scent glands give about the animal? |
|
Definition
| sex, reproductive condition, dominance |
|
|
Term
| what are olfactory receptors? |
|
Definition
| cell-surface protein receptors on olfactory epithelium for detection of odorant molecules |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the human genome has more olfactory genes activated than the gorilla genome |
|
Definition
FALSE:
human genome - 70% inactivated
gorilla genome - 50% inactivated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| falls on a continuum of varied intensity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when animals frequently communicate the same signal through multiple sensory modalities |
|
|
Term
what is Darwin's Principle of Antithesis
(expression of emotions in man and animals)? |
|
Definition
| when an animal reverses its motivation, the associated signals are also reversed |
|
|
Term
| what is mutualistic communication? |
|
Definition
| when communication is beneficial to both sender and receiver |
|
|
Term
| who proposed the idea of deceit communication?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who proposed the "handicap principle"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who proposed assessment/management communication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what theories of communication were proposed by Zahavi? |
|
Definition
| natural selection should favor honest communication, being able to distinguish between truth and lies |
|
|
Term
| handicap principle (definition) |
|
Definition
| a reliable indicator that supports honest communication - a true fitness advantage would take more work to fake than the deceit would be worth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when each individual assesses the environment including behavior of conspecifics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when each individual tries to control the behavior of others |
|
|
Term
| what is a sensory system? |
|
Definition
| a set of sense organs that act as tranducers to convert various forms of energy in the environment into action potentials |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of chemoreception? |
|
Definition
chemicals dissolve in fluid of a fluid-covered membrane -->
the chemical itself or an intermediate chemical messenger binds a receptor -->
action potential is induced |
|
|
Term
| where is chemosensory tissue found in insects? |
|
Definition
| specialized depressions on the animal's surface |
|
|
Term
| where is chemosensory tissue found in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
olfactory epithelium
taste buds
jacobson's organ (roof of mouth for reptiles, mammals, amphibians) |
|
|
Term
| in mammals, Jacobson's organ is specifically sensitive to what? |
|
Definition
| pheromones, especially sexual |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stereotyped or exaggerated posture assumed by mammals perceiving odors by means of jacobson's organ |
|
|
Term
| where does jacobson's organ connect in most vertebrates? in squamates? |
|
Definition
vertebrates - nasal cavity
squamates (lizards and snakes) - roof of mouth |
|
|
Term
| what is the path of light/visual perception? |
|
Definition
retinal pigment absorbs photons, changes energy state -->
change in protein conformation (opsin) -->
depolarized cell |
|
|
Term
| which group of organisms have light-sensitive cells? |
|
Definition
| cnidaria (jellyfish, anemonies) and flatworms |
|
|
Term
| what is the structural difference between animals that have light perception and animals with vision perception? |
|
Definition
animals with vision perception have their light sensitive cells concentrated on the retina (light-sensitive surface)
light is focused on the retina by one or more lenses |
|
|
Term
| what kinds of light sensitive cells are found in vertebrates? |
|
Definition
rods (low light)
cones (high light) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way we see the spectrum of light wavelengths |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a combination of two or more wavelengths of light |
|
|
